Sulfonyl heteroaryl triazoles as anti-inflammatory/analgesic agents

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to compounds of the formula                    
     wherein R 1 , R 3 , R 5  and A are defined as in the specification, to pharmaceutical compositions containing them and to their medicinal use. The compounds of the invention are useful in the treatment of inflammation and other inflammation associated disorders, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, colon cancer and Alzheimer&#39;s disease, in mammals (preferably humans, dogs, cats and livestock).

The present application claims priority under 35 USC section 119 of U.S. Provisional Application 60/303,232, filed Jul. 5, 2001. The complete text, depictions and claims of the 60/303,232 application are incorporated by reference herein, as if fully set forth.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to sulfonyl heteroaryl triazoles, methods of treatment and pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of cyclooxygenase mediated diseases.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used in treating pain and the signs and symptoms of arthritis because of their analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. Common NSAIDs work by blocking the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX), an enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into prostanoids. Two forms of COX are now known, a constitutive isoform (COX-1) and an inducible isoform (COX-2) of which expression is upregulated at sites of inflammation (Vane, J. R.; Mitchell, et. al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1994, 91, 2046). COX-1 appears to play a physiological role and to be responsible for gastrointestinal and renal protection. On the other hand, COX-2 appears to play a pathological role and is believed to be the predominant isoform present in inflammation conditions. The therapeutic use of conventional NSAIDs is, however, limited due to drug associated side effects, including life threatening ulceration and renal toxicity.

COX is also known as prostaglandin G/H synthase (PGHS). Prostaglandins, especially prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), a predominant eicosanoid detected in inflammation conditions, are mediators of pain, fever and other symptoms associated with inflammation. A pathological role for prostaglandins has been implicated in a number of human diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, pyrexia, asthma, bone resorption, cardiovascular diseases, dysmenorrhea, premature labour, nephritis, nephrosis, atherosclerosis, hypotension, shock, pain, cancer and Alzheimer. Compounds that selectively inhibit the biosynthesis of prostaglandins by intervention of the induction phase of the inducible enzyme COX-2 and/or by intervention of the activity of the enzyme COX-2 on arachidonic acid would provide alternate therapy to the use of NSAIDs or corticosteriods in that such compounds would exert anti-inflammatory effects without the adverse side effects associated with COX-1 inhibition.

A variety of triazole compounds which inhibit COX have been disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,259,504, 4,962,119, 5,066,668, and 5,376,670; European Patent Publications EP 3895A1, EP 155486A, and EP 1099695; and scientific publication (Eur. J. Med. Chem. 1990, 25, 95-101).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compounds of the formula

wherein

is an aromatic heterocycle selected from the group consisting of

m is 0, 1 or 2, preferably m is 2;

X is CR⁶ or N, preferably CR⁶ wherein R⁶ is hydrogen;

wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of:

(a) (C₁-C₆)alkyl (preferably branched (C₁-C₆)alkyl), (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, formyl, formamidyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, cyano, mercapto, nitro, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, (C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclylthio, (C₆-C₁₀)arylthio, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heterocyclylcarbonyl, or (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—;

(b) phenyl optionally substituted by one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo (preferably fluoro), hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl; preferably halo, most preferably one to three fluoro atoms;

(c) phenyl fused to a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic ring;

wherein either of said phenyl or said fused saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic ring is optionally substituted by one to two substituents per ring, wherein said substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halo (such as chloro, bromo, or fluoro), hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl;

(d) phenyl fused to a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl containing one to two ring heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of —N═, —NR²—, —S—and —O—;

wherein either of said phenyl or said fused saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one to two substituents per ring;

wherein said substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halo (such as chloro, bromo, or fluoro), hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl;

(e) (3- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic optionally containing one or two double bonds, preferably the (3- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic contains no double bonds;

wherein said (3- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic may also be optionally substituted by one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo (such as chloro, bromo, or fluoro), hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂ amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl; preferably the (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic contains no substituents;

(f) (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic fused to a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic ring;

wherein said (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic may optionally contain one or two double bonds;

wherein either of said (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic or said fused saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic ring is optionally substituted by one to two substituents per ring, wherein said substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halo (such as chloro, bromo, or fluoro), hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl;

(g) (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic fused to a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl containing one to two ring heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of —N═, —NR²—, —S— and —O— wherein said (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic may optionally contain one or two double bonds;

wherein either of said (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic or said fused saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one to two substituents per ring;

wherein said substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, (such as chloro, bromo, or fluoro), hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl;

(h) saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered) heterocyclyl containing one to four, preferably one, ring heteroatom(s) independently selected from the groups consisting of —N═, —NR²—, —O—, and —S—, preferably selected from the group consisting of —N═ and —O—;

wherein said (5- to 6-membered) heterocyclyl is optionally substituted by one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo (such as chloro, bromo, or fluoro), hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl; preferably said (5- to 6-membered) heterocyclyl is unsubstituted;

(i) saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered) heterocyclyl containing one to two ring heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of —N═, —NR²—, —S— and —O—;

wherein said saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl is fused to a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic ring;

wherein either of said saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl ring or said fused saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic ring is optionally substituted by one to two substituents per ring;

wherein said substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halo (such as chloro, bromo, or fluoro), hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl; and

(j) saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl containing one to two ring heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of —N═, —NR²—, —S—, and —O—;

wherein said saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl is fused to a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl containing one to two ring heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of —N═, —NR²—, —S— and —O—;

wherein either of said saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl or said fused saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one to two substituents per ring;

wherein said substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halo (such as chloro, bromo, or fluoro), hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, (C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl;

wherein each of said R¹ (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), (i), or (j) (C₁-C₆)alkyl group wherever they occur may optionally be substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo (such as chloro, bromo, or fluoro), hydroxy, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, carbonyl, formyl, formamidyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, cyano, mercapto, nitro, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, (C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryl, (C₂-C₉)hetroaryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, and (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy;

R² is hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl, such as methyl or ethyl;

R³ is hydrogen, halo (such as chloro, bromo, or fluoro), (C₁-C₆)alkyl (preferably methyl), (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-, formyl, formamidyl, cyano, nitro, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, amino-SO₂—, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino-SO₂—, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino-SO₂—, (C₆-C₁₀)arylamino-SO₂—, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryl, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₆-C₁₀)arylthio, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂-amino, or (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—;

wherein each of said R³ (C₁-C₆)alkyl group wherever they occur may optionally be substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo (such as chloro, bromo, or fluoro), hydroxy, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, carbonyl, formyl, formamidyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, cyano, mercapto, nitro, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, (C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryl, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, and (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy; most preferably the (C₁-C₆)alkyl group, preferably methyl, is substituted by two to three, preferably three, halo, preferably fluoro;

R⁴ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl (preferably methyl), (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl (such as cyclohexyl), (C₆-C₁₀)aryl, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryl, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, formyl-N(R²)—, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyloxycarbonyl-N(R²)—, or (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂-amino;

wherein each of said R⁴ (C₁-C₆)alkyl group wherever they occur may optionally be substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, carbonyl, formyl, formamidyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, cyano, mercapto, nitro, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, (C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryl, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₅)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, and (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy; preferably the R⁴ (C₁-C₆)alkyl group is not substituted;

R⁵ is hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, mercapto, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, optionally substituted with one to three halogen atoms, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, cyano, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, nitro, or (C₁-C₆)alkylthio;

wherein each of said R⁵ (C₁-C₆)alkyl group wherever they occur may optionally be substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo (such as chloro, bromo, or fluoro), hydroxy, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, carbonyl, formyl, formamidyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, cyano, mercapto, nitro, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, (C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryl, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, and (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy;

R⁶ is hydrogen, halo (such as chloro, bromo, or fluoro), hydroxy, mercapto, (C₁-C₆)alkyl (such as methyl), (C₁-C₆)alkoxy optionally substituted with one to three halogen atoms, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, cyano, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, nitro, or (C₁-C₆)alkylthio;

wherein each of said R⁶ (C₁-C₆)alkyl group wherever they occur may optionally be substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, carbonyl, formyl, formamidyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, cyano, mercapto, nitro, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, (C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryl, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, and (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy;

and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

The present invention also relates to the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of compounds of the formula I. The acids which are used to prepare the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of the aforementioned base compounds of this invention are those which form non-toxic acid addition salts, i.e., salts containing pharmacologically acceptable anions, such as the hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, nitrate, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, acetate, lactate, citrate, acid citrate, tartrate, bitartrate, succinate, maleate, fumarate, gluconate, saccharate, benzoate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate and pamoate [i.e., 1,1′-methylene-bis-(2-hydroxy-3-naphthoate)]salts.

The invention also relates to base addition salts of formula I. The chemical bases that may be used as reagents to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable base salts of those compounds of formula I that are acidic in nature are those that form non-toxic base salts with such compounds. Such non-toxic base salts include, but are not limited to those derived from such pharmacologically acceptable cations such as alkali metal cations (e.g., potassium and sodium) and alkaline earth metal cations (e.g., calcium and magnesium), ammonium or water-soluble amine addition salts such as N-methylglucamine (meglumine), and the lower alkanolammonium and other base salts of pharmaceutically acceptable organic amines.

The compounds of this invention include all stereoisomers (e.g., cis and trans isomers) and all optical isomers of compounds of the formula I (e.g., R and S enantiomers), as well as racemic, diastereomeric and other mixtures of such isomers.

The compounds of the invention also exist in different tautomeric forms. This invention relates to all tautomers of formula I.

The compounds of this invention may contain olefin-like double bonds. When such bonds are present, the compounds of the invention exist as cis and trans configurations and as mixtures thereof.

Unless otherwise indicated, the alkyl, referred to herein, as well as the alkyl moieties of other groups referred to herein (e.g., alkoxy), may be linear or branched (such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, secondary-butyl, tertiaty-butyl).

Unless otherwise indicated, halo includes fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.

As used herein, the term “alkenyl” means straight or branched chain unsaturated radicals of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, including, but not limited to ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl (allyl), iso-propenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl, 1-butenyl, or 2-butenyl.

As used herein, the term “alkynyl” is used herein to mean straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radicals of 2 to 6 carbon atoms having one triple bond including, but not limited to, ethynyl, propynyl, or butynyl.

As used herein, the term “alkoxy” refers to O-alkyl groups, wherein alkyl is as defined above.

As used herein, the term “alkoxycarbonyl” refers to an alkoxy radical as described above connected to a carbonyl group (>C═O), which, in turn, serves as the point of attachment.

As used herein, the term “carbocyclyl” refers to a mono or bicyclic carbocyclic ring (e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, bicyclo[3.2.1 ]octanyl and bicyclo[5.2.0]nonanyl, etc.); optionally containing 1 or 2 double bonds.

As used herein, the term “amido” refers to aminocarbonyl- or carbamoyl- or NH₂—(C═O)—moiety.

As used herein the term “aryl” means aromatic radicals such as phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, or indanyl.

As used herein the term “heteroaryl” refers to aromatic groups containing one or more heteroatoms (O, S, or N). A multicyclic group containing one or more heteroatoms wherein at least one ring of the group is aromatic is a s“heteroaryl” group. The heteroaryl groups of this invention can also include ring systems substituted with one or more oxo moieties. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, cinnolinyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl, phthalazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, isoindolyl, purinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, furazanyl, benzofurazanyl, benzothiophenyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, naphthyridinyl, dihydroquinolyl, tetrahydroquinolyl, dihydroisoquinolyl, tetrahydroisoquinolyl, benzofuryl, furopyridinyl, pyrolopyrimidinyl, and azaindolyl.

The term “heterocyclic” as used herein refers to a cyclic group containing 2-9 carbon atoms and 1-4 hetero atoms selected from N, O, or S. Examples of such rings include furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxatriazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, and the like. Examples of said monocyclic saturated or partially saturated ring systems are tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, imidazolidin-1-yl, imidazolidin-2-yl, imidazolidin-4-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-2-yl, pyrrolidin-3-yl, piperidin-1-yl, piperidin-2-yl, piperidin-3-yl, piperazin-1-yl, piperazin-2-yl, piperazin-3-yl, 1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl, isothiazolidine, 1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl, 1,2-pyrazolidin-2-yl, 1,3-pyrazolidin-1-yl, thiomorpholine, 1,2-tetrahydrothiazin-2-yl, 1,3-tetrahydrothiazin-3-yl, tetrahydrothiadiazine, morpholine, 1,2-tetrahydrodiazin-2-yl, 1,3-tetrahydrodiazin-1-yl, 1,4-oxazin-2-yl, or 1,2,5-oxathiazin-4-yl.

The term “phenyl fused to a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic ring”, as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, means a bicyclic group having a first phenyl ring covalently bound to the triazole nucleus and wherein said first ring is fused to a second ring comprising a 5 to 7 membered carbocycle, wherein the 5 to 7 members include the carbon atoms common to both rings. Examples of such rings include tetralin-5-yl, tetralin-6-yl, 2,3-dihydro-inden-4-yl, 2,3-dihydro-inden-5-yl, inden-4-yl, inden-5-yl, 7,8-dihydro-naphthalen-1-yl, 7,8-dihydro-naphthalen-2-yl, 5,6-dihydro-naphthalen-1-yl, 5,6-dihydro-naphthalen-2-yl, 5,8-dihydro-naphthalen-1-yl, 5,8-dihydro-naphthalen-2-yl, naphthalen-1-yl, naphthalen-2-yl, 5-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-benzocyclohepten-1-yl)-, 5-(8,9-dihydro-7H-benzocyclohepten-1-yl)-, 5-(6,7-dihydro-5H-benzocyclohepten-1-yl)-, 5-(7H-benzocyclohepten-1-yl)-, 5-(5H-benzocyclohepten-1-yl)-, 5-(9H-benzocyclohepten-1-yl)-, 5-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-benzocyclohepten-2-yl)-, 5-(6,7-dihydro-5H-benzocyclohepten-2-yl)-, 5-(8,9-dihydro-7H-benzocyclohepten-2-yl)-, 5-(5H-benzocyclohepten-2-yl)-, 5-(9H-benzocyclohepten-2-yl)-, or 5-(7H-benzocyclohepten-2-yl)-.

The term “phenyl fused to a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclic ring”, as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, means a bicyclic group having a first phenyl ring covalently bound to the triazole nucleus and wherein said first ring is fused to a second ring comprising a (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclic ring, wherein the 5 to 6 members include the carbon atoms common to both rings. Said second ring comprises a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclic ring. Examples of such rings include quinolin-5-yl, quinolin-6-yl, quinolin-7-yl, quinolin-8-yl, isoquinolin-5-yl, isoquinolin-6-yl, isoquinolin-7-yl, isoquinolin-8-yl, quinazolin-5-yl, quinazolin-6-yl, quinazolin-7-yl, quinazolin-8-yl, cinnolin-5-yl, cinnolin-6-yl, cinnolin-7-yl, cinnolin-8-yl, 4H-1,4-benzoxazin-5-yl, 4H-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl, 4H-1,4-benzoxazin-7-yl, 4H-1,4-benzoxazin-8-yl, 4H-1,4-benzthiazin-5-yl, 4H-1,4-benzthiazin-6-yl, 4H-1,4-benzthiazin-7-yl, 4H-1,4-benzthiazin-8-yl, 1,4H-1,4-benzdiazin-5-yl, 1,4H-1,4-benzdiazin-6-yl, 1,4H-1,4-benzdiazin-7-yl, 1,4H-1,4-benzdiazin-8-yl, indol-4-yl, indol-5-yl, indol-6-yl, indol-7-yl, benzo(b)thiophen-4-yl, benzo(b)thiophen-5-yl, benzo(b)thiophen-6-yl, benzo(b)thiophen-7-yl, benzofuran-4-yl, benzofuran-5-yl, benzofuran-6-yl, benzofuran-7-yl, benzisoxazol-4-yl, benzisoxazol-5-yl, benzisoxazol-6-yl, benzisoxazol-7-yl, benzoxazol-4-yl, benzoxazol-4-yl, benzoxazol-5-yl, benzoxazol-6-yl and benzoxazol-7-yl. Preferred fused phenylheteroaryl rings include quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, indolyl, benzo(b)thiophenyl, or benzofuranyl.

The term “(3- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic”, as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, means a monocyclic group containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms and optionally containing 1 or 2 double bonds. Examples of such rings include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptanyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl or cycloheptenyl.

The term “(5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic”, as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, means a monocyclic group containing 5 to 7 carbon atoms and optionally containing 1 or 2 double bonds. Examples of such rings include cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptanyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl or cycloheptenyl.

The term “(5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic fused to a saturated or partially saturated (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic ring”, as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, means a bicyclic group having a first carbocyclic ring covalently bound to the triazole nucleus and wherein said first ring is fused to a second ring comprising a 5 to 7 membered carbocycle, wherein the 5 to 7 members include the carbon atoms common to both rings and wherein said second ring may contain 1, 2 or 3 double bonds. Examples of such rings, wherein the fusion is so called ortho fused, include tetralin-1-yl, tetralin-2-yl, hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl, hexahydronaphthalen-2-yl, octahydronaphthalen-1-yl, octahydronaphthalen-2-yl, decalin-1-yl, decalin-2-yl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-indan-4-yl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-indan-5-yl, 4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-indan-4-yl, 4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-indan-5-yl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-inden-4-yl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-inden-5-yl, 4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-inden-4-yl, 4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-inden-5-yl, pentalan-1-yl, pentalan-2-yl, 4,5 dihydro-pentalan-1-yl, 4,5 dihydro-pentalan-2-yl, 4,5,6,7 tetrahydro-pentalan-1-yl, 4,5,6,7 tetra-pentalan-2-yl, benzocycloheptan-5-yl, benzocycloheptan-6-yl and the like. Examples of such bicyclic rings that are not ortho fused include bicyclo[3.2.1]-octan-2-yl, bicyclo[3.2.1]-octan-3-yl, bicyclo [5.2.0]nonan-2-yl, bicyclo [5.2.0]nonan-3-yl, bicyclo [5.2.0]nonan-4-yl, bicyclo [4.3.2]undecan-7-yl, bicyclo [4.3.2]undecan-8-yl, bicyclo [4.3.2]undecan-9-yl, bicyclo[2.2.2]-octan-2-yl, bicyclo[2.2.2]-octan-3-yl, bicyclo[2.2.1]-heptan-2-yl, bicyclo[3.1.1]-heptan-2-yl, or borneol-2-yl.

The term “(5- to 7-membered)carbocyclic fused to a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclic”, as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, means a bicyclic group having a first carbocyclic ring covalently bound to the triazole nucleus and wherein said first ring is fused to a second ring comprising a 5 to 6 membered heterocyclic ring, wherein said second 5 to 6 members include the atoms common to both rings. Said second ring comprises a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclic ring. Examples of said bicyclic ring systems are 5,6,7,8 tetrahydro-quinolin-5-yl, 5,6,7,8 tetrahydro-quinolin-6-yl, 5,6,7,8 tetrahydro-quinolin-7-yl, 5,6,7,8 tetrahydro-quinolin-8-yl, 5,6,7,8 tetrahydro-isoquinolin-5-yl, 5,6,7,8 tetrahydro-isoquinolin-6-yl, 5,6,7,8 tetrahydro-isoquinolin-7-yl, 5,6,7,8 tetrahydro-isoquinolin-8-yl, 5,6,7,8 tetrahydro-quinazolin-5-yl, 5,6,7,8 tetrahydro-quinazolin-6-yl, 5,6,7,8 tetrahydro-quinazolin-7-yl, 5,6,7,8 tetrahydro-quinazolin-8-yl, 5,6,7,8 tetrahydro-4H-1,4-benzoxazin-5-yl, 5,6,7,8 tetrahydro-4H-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl, 5,6,7,8 tetrahydro-4H-1,4-benzoxazin-7-yl, 5,6,7,8 tetrahydro-4H-1,4-benzoxazin-8-yl, 5,6,7,8 tetrahydro-4H-1,4-benzthiazin-5-yl, 5,6,7,8 tetrahydro-4H-1,4-benzthiazin-6-yl, 5,6,7,8 tetrahydro-4H-1,4-benzthiazin-7-yl, 5,6,7,8 tetrahydro-4H-1,4-benzthiazin-8-yl, 5,6,7,8 tetrahydro-1,4H-1,4-benzdiazin-5-yl, 5,6,7,8 tetrahydro-1,4H-1,4-benzdiazin-6-yl, 5,6,7,8 tetrahydro-1,4H-1,4-benzdiazin-7-yl, 5,6,7,8 tetrahydro-1,4H-1,4-benzdiazin-8-yl, 4,5,6,7 tetrahydro-indol-4-yl, 4,5,6,7 tetrahydro indol-5-yl, 4,5,6,7 tetrahydro-indol-6-yl, 4,5,6,7 tetrahydro-indol-7-yl, 4,5,6,7 tetrahydro-benzo(b)thiophen-4-yl, 4,5,6,7 tetrahydro-benzo(b)thiophen-5-yl, 4,5,6,7 tetrahydro-benzo(b)thiophen-6-yl, 4,5,6,7 tetrahydro-benzo(b)thiophen-7-yl, 4,5,6,7 tetrahydro-benzofuran-4-yl, 4,5,6,7 tetrahydro-benzofuran-5-yl, 4,5,6,7 tetrahydro-benzofuran-6-yl, 4,5,6,7 tetrahydro-benzofuran-7-yl, 4,5,6,7 tetrahydro-benzisoxazol-4-yl, 4,5,6,7 tetrahydro-benzisoxazol-5-yl, 4,5,6,7 tetrahydro-benzisoxazol-6-yl, 4,5,6,7 tetrahydro-benzisoxazol-7-yl, 4,5,6,7 tetrahydro-benzoxazol-4-yl, 4,5,6,7 tetrahydro-benzoxazol-4-yl, 4,5,6,7 tetrahydro-benzoxazol-5-yl, 4,5,6,7 tetrahydro-benzoxazol-6-yl, or 4,5,6,7 tetrahydro-benzoxazol-7-yl.

The term “saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)heterocyclic containing 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms independently selected from —N═, —NR²—, —O—, or —S—”, as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, means a monocyclic (5- to 6-membered)heterocyclic ring covalently bound to the triazole nucleus. Said ring may contain optional double bonds so as to include saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclic rings. Examples of the monocyclic aromatic ring systems are furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxatriazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, and the like. Examples of said monocyclic saturated or partially saturated ring systems are piperidin-1-yl, piperidin-2-yl, piperidin-3-yl, piperazin-1-yl, piperazin-2-yl, piperazin-3-yl, 1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl, isothiazolidine, 1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl, 1,2-pyrazolidin-2-yl, 1,3-pyrazolidin-1-yl, thiomorpholine, 1,2-tetrahydrothiazin-2-yl, 1,3-tetrahydrothiazin-3-yl, tetrahydrothiadiazine, morpholine, 1,2-tetrahydrodiazin-2-yl, 1,3-tetrahydrodiazin-1-yl, 1,4-oxazin-2-yl, or 1,2,5-oxathiazin-4-yl.

The term “saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)heterocyclic fused to a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic ring”, as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, means a bicyclic group having a first (5- to 6-membered)heterocyclic ring covalently bound to the triazole nucleus and wherein said first ring is fused to a second ring comprising a 5 to 6 membered heterocyclic ring, wherein said second 5 to 6 members include the atoms common to both rings. Said first and second rings comprise saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclic rings. Examples of said bicyclic ring systems are indolidin-4-yl, indolidin-5-yl, quinolidin-5-yl, quinolidin-6-yl, quinolidin-7-yl, quinolidin-8-yl, isoquinolidin-5-yl, isoquinolidin-6-yl, isoquinolidin-7-yl, isoquinolidin-8-yl, quinazolidin-5-yl, quinazolidin-6-yl, quinazolidin-7-yl, quinazolidin-8-yl, benzofuran-2-yl, benzofuran-3-yl, isobenzofuran-1-yl, isobenzofuran-3-yl, benzothiophen-2-yl, benzothiophen-3-yl, indol-2-yl, indol-3-yl, isoindol-1-yl, isoindol-3-yl, cyclopentapyrid-2-yl, cyclopentapyrid-3-yl, benzoxazol-2-yl, or cinnolin-4-yl.

The term “saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)heterocyclic fused to a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclic” as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, means a bicyclic heterocyclic group having a first ring covalently bound to the triazole nucleus and containing five to six ring atoms comprising one to two heteroatoms each independently selected from —N═, —NH—, —[N—(C₁-C₄)alkyl]-, —O— and —S—; wherein said first ring is fused to a second ring comprising a 5 to 6 membered heterocyclic ring, wherein said second 5 to 6 members include the atoms common to both rings. Said second ring comprises a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclic ring. Examples of said bicyclic ring systems are pyrano[3,4b]pyrrolyl, pyrano[3,2b]pyrrolyl, pyrano[4,3b]pyrrolyl, purin-2-yl, purin-6-yl, purin-7-yl, purin-8-yl, pteridin-2-yl, pyrido[3,4b]pyridyl, pyrido[3,2b]pyridyl, pyrido[4,3b]pyridyl, or naphthyridinyl.

An embodiment and a preferred group of compounds of the present invention includes compounds of formula I, referred to as the IA1 group of compounds, wherein said compounds have the formula

wherein X is CR⁶ or N; preferably X is CR⁶, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen; and m is preferably 2.

A most preferred group of compounds of the present invention includes compounds of formula I, referred to as the IA2 group of compounds, wherein said compounds have the formula

wherein X is CR⁶ or N, preferably CR⁶, wherein R⁶ is preferably hydrogen; and m is preferably 2.

An embodiment of the present invention includes compounds of formula I, referred to as the IA3 group of compounds, wherein said compounds have the formula

wherein R¹, R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are as defined above; and m is preferably 2.

An embodiment of the present invention includes compounds of formula I, referred to as the IA4 group of compounds, wherein said compounds have the formula

wherein R¹, R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are as defined above; and m is preferably 2.

An embodiment of the present invention includes compounds of formula I, referred to as the IA5 group of compounds, wherein said compounds have the formula

wherein R¹, R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are as defined above; and m is preferably 2.

An embodiment of the present invention includes compounds of formula I, referred to as the IA6 group of compounds, wherein said compounds have the formula

wherein R¹, R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are as defined above; and m is preferably 2.

Preferred compounds of formula I are those compounds wherein the “A” ring is optionally substituted pyridin-2-yl or pyridin-3-yl; more preferably wherein m is 2.

An embodiment of the present invention includes compounds of formula I, referred to as the R¹ (a) group of compounds, wherein R¹ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl (preferably branched (C₁-C₆)alkyl, such as 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, tert-butyl, or 2-methylpropyl), (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, formyl, formamidyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, cyano, mercapto, nitro, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₅-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, (C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₅-C₇)carbocyclylthio, (C₆-C₁₀)arylthio, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heterocyclylcarbonyl, or (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—;

wherein each of said R¹ (a) (C₁-C₆)alkyl group wherever they occur may optionally be substituted with one to three substituents, preferably no substituents, independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, carbonyl, formyl, formamidyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, cyano, mercapto, nitro, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, (C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryl, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, and (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy.

Another embodiment of the R¹ (a) group of compounds includes compounds of formula I wherein R¹ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, carbonyl, formyl, formamidyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, cyano, mercapto, nitro, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, (C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryl, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, and (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy.

A preferred embodiment of the R¹ (a) group of compounds includes compounds of formula I wherein R¹ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, preferably branched (C₁-C₆)alkyl, more preferably 3-methylbutyl, tert-butyl, 2-methylbutyl, or 2-methylpropyl.

An embodiment and a preferred group of compounds of the present invention includes compounds of formula I, referred to as the R¹ (b) group of compounds, wherein R¹ is phenyl optionally substituted by one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo (preferably fluoro), hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl;

wherein each of said R¹ (b) (C₁-C₆)alkyl group wherever they occur may optionally be substituted with one to three substituents, preferably no substituents, independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, carbonyl, formyl, formamidyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, cyano, mercapto, nitro, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, (C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryl, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₅)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, and (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy.

Another embodiment of the R¹ (b) group of compounds includes compounds of formula I wherein R¹ is phenyl substituted by one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl.

Other preferred embodiment of the R¹ (b) group of compounds includes compounds of formula I wherein R¹ is phenyl substituted by one to three halo atoms, preferably fluoro or difluoro, more preferably 2-fluoro, 3-fluoro, or 2,4-difluoro.

Other preferred embodiment of the R¹ (b) group of compounds includes compounds of formula I wherein R¹ is unsubstituted phenyl.

An embodiment of the present invention and a preferred group of compounds of the present invention includes compounds of formula I, referred to as the R¹ (c) group of compounds, wherein R¹ is phenyl fused to a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic ring;

wherein either of said phenyl or said fused saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic ring is optionally substituted by one to two substituents per ring, wherein said substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl;

wherein each of said R¹ (c) (C₁-C₆)alkyl group wherever they occur may optionally be substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, carbonyl, formyl, formamidyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, cyano, mercapto, nitro, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, (C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryl, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, and (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy.

An embodiment and a preferred group of compounds of the present invention includes compounds of formula I, referred to as the R¹ (d) group of compounds, wherein R¹ is phenyl fused to a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl containing one to two ring heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of —N═, —NR²—, —S— and —O;

wherein either of said phenyl or said fused saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one to two substituents per ring;

wherein said substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl;

wherein each of said R¹ (d) (C₁-C₆)alkyl group wherever they occur may optionally be substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, carbonyl, formyl, formamidyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, cyano, mercapto, nitro, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, (C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryl, (C₂-C₉)hetroaryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, and (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy.

An embodiment of the present invention and a preferred group of compounds includes compounds of formula I, referred to as the R¹ (e) group of compounds, wherein R¹ is (3- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic, preferably (4- to 6-membered)-carbocyclic, optionally containing one or two double bonds, preferably no double bonds;

wherein said (3- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic may also be optionally substituted by one to three substituents, preferably no substituents, independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl;

wherein each of said R¹ (e) (C₁-C₆)alkyl group wherever they occur may optionally be substituted with one to three substituents, preferably no substituents, independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, carbonyl, formyl, formamidyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, cyano, mercapto, nitro, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, (C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryl, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, and (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy.

A preferred embodiment of the R¹ (e) group of compounds includes compounds of formula I wherein R¹ is (4- to 6-membered)-carbocyclic, more preferably cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, containing no double bonds.

An embodiment of the present invention includes compounds of formula I, referred to as the R¹ (f) group of compounds, wherein R¹ is (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic fused to a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic ring;

wherein said (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic may optionally contain one or two double bonds;

wherein either of said (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic or said fused saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic ring is optionally substituted by one to two substituents per ring, wherein said substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl;

wherein each of said R¹ (f) (C₁-C₆)alkyl group wherever they occur may optionally be substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, carbonyl formyl, formamidyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, cyano, mercapto, nitro, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, (C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryl, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, and (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy.

An embodiment of the present invention includes compounds of formula I, referred to as the R¹ (g) group of compounds, wherein R¹ is (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic fused to a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl containing one to two ring heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of —N═, —NR²—, —S— and —O—;

wherein said (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic may optionally contain one or two double bonds;

wherein either of said (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic or said fused saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one to two substituents per ring;

wherein said substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl;

wherein each of said R¹ (g) (C₁-C₆)alkyl group wherever they occur may optionally be substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, carbonyl, formyl, formamidyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, cyano, mercapto, nitro, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, (C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryl, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, and (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy.

An embodiment of the present invention includes compounds of formula I, referred to as the R¹ (h) group of compounds, wherein R¹ is saturated, partially saturated or aromatic, preferably saturated or aromatic, (5- to 6-membered) heterocyclyl containing one to four, preferably one, ring heteroatoms independently selected from the groups consisting of —N═, —NR²—, —O—, and —S—, preferably selected from the group consisting of —N═ and —O—;

wherein said (5- to 6-membered) heterocyclyl is optionally substituted by one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl;

wherein each of said R¹ (h) (C₁-C₆)alkyl group wherever they occur may optionally be substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, carbonyl, formyl, formamidyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, cyano, mercapto, nitro, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, (C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryl, (C₂₋C₉)heteroaryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, and (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy.

A preferred embodiment of the R¹ (h) group of compounds includes compounds of formula I wherein R¹ is saturated, partially saturated or aromatic, preferably saturated or aromatic, (5- to 6-membered) heterocyclyl containing one ring heteroatom independently selected from the groups consisting of —N═, —NR²—, —O—, and —S—, preferably selected from the group consisting of —N═ and —O—; wherein said (5- to 6-membered) heterocyclyl is unsubstituted.

Another preferred embodiment of the R¹ (h) group of compounds includes compounds of formula I wherein R¹ is tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, or pyridin-4-yl substituted by one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl.

A more preferred embodiment of the R¹ (h) group of compounds includes compounds of formula I wherein R¹ is tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, or pyridin-4-yl, wherein said tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, or pyridin-4-yl is unsubstituted.

An embodiment of the present invention includes compounds of formula I, referred to as the R¹ (i) group of compounds, wherein R¹ is saturated, partially saturated or aromatic, (5- to 6-membered) heterocyclyl containing one to two ring heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of —N═, —NR²—, —S— and —O—;

wherein said saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl is fused to a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic ring;

wherein either of said saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl ring or said fused saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic ring is optionally substituted by one to two substituents per ring;

wherein said substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl;

wherein each of R¹ (i) (C₁-C₆)alkyl group wherever they occur may optionally be substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, carbonyl, formyl, formamidyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, cyano, mercapto, nitro, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, (C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryl, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, and (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy.

An embodiment of the present invention includes compounds of formula I, referred to as the R¹ (j) group of compounds, wherein R¹ is saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl containing one to two ring heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of —N═, —NR²—, —S—, and —O—;

wherein said saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl is fused to a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl containing one to two ring heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of —N═, —NR²—, —S— and —O—;

wherein either of said saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl or said fused saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one to two substituents per ring;

wherein said substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl;

wherein each of said R¹ (j) (C₁-C₆)alkyl group wherever they occur may optionally be substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, carbonyl, formyl, formamidyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, cyano, mercapto, nitro, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, (C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryl, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, and (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy.

Subgeneric embodiments of the present invention of the “A” (i.e. A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, and A6) and R¹ (i.e. R¹(a), R¹(b), R¹(c), R¹(d), R¹(e), R¹(f), R¹(g), R¹(h), R¹(i), and R¹(j)) groups of compounds are expressly contemplated by the present invention. Such subgeneric embodiments within the A1 group of compounds include the A1 group in combination with each of the R¹ groups (i.e. A1-R¹(a), A1-R¹(b), A1-R¹(c), A1-R¹(d), A1-R¹(e), A1-R¹(f), A1-R¹(g), A1-R¹(h), A1-R¹(i), and A1-R¹(j)). Such subgeneric embodiments within the A2 group of compounds include the A2 group in combination with each of the R¹ groups (i.e. A2-R¹(a), A2-R¹(b), A2-R¹(c), A2-R¹(d), A2-R¹(e), A2-R¹(f), A2-R¹(g), A2-R¹(h), A2-R¹(i), A2-R¹(j)). Such subgeneric embodiments within the A3 group of compounds include the A3 group in combination with each of the R¹ groups (i.e. A3-R¹(a), A3-R¹(b), A3-R¹(c), A3-R¹(d), A3-R¹(e), A3-R¹(f), A3-R¹(g), A3-R¹(h), A3-R¹(i), and A3-R¹(j)). Such subgeneric embodiments within the A4 group of compounds include the A4 group in combination with each of the R¹ groups (i.e. A4-R¹(a), A4-R¹(b), A4-R¹(c), A4-R¹(d), A4-R¹(e), A4-R¹(f), A4-R¹(g), A4-R¹(i), and A4-R¹(j)). Such subgeneric embodiments within the A5 group of compounds include the A5 group in combination with each of the R¹ groups (i.e. A5-R¹(a), A5-R¹(b), A5-R¹(c), A5-R¹(d), A5-R¹(e), A5-R¹(f), A5-R¹(g), A5-R¹(h), A5-R¹(i), and A5-R¹(j)). Such subgeneric embodiments within the A6 group of compounds include the A6 group in combination with each of the R¹ groups (i.e. A6-R¹(a), A6-R¹(b), A6-R¹(c), A6-R¹(d), A6-R¹(e), A6-R¹(f), A6-R¹(g), A6-R¹(h), A6-R¹(i), and A6-R¹(j)).

Other compounds of this invention are those of the formula I wherein R⁵ is hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, mercapto, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, optionally substituted with one to three halogen atoms, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, cyano, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, nitro, or (C₁-C₆)alkylthio;

wherein each of said R⁵ (C₁-C₆)alkyl group wherever they occur may optionally be substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, carbonyl, formyl, formamidyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, cyano, mercapto, nitro, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, (C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryl, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, and (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy.

Preferred compounds of this invention are those of the formula I wherein R⁵ is hydrogen.

Another embodiment of the compounds of this invention are those of the formula I wherein R⁴ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl (preferably methyl), amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N—(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N—(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, formyl-N(R²)—, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, or (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂-amino.

Other preferred compounds of this invention are those of the formula I wherein R⁴ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, preferably methyl, or amino.

Another embodiment of the compounds of this invention are those of the formula I wherein R³ is hydrogen, halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-, formyl, formamidyl, cyano, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, amido, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N—(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₆-C₁₀)arylthio, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₁-C₆)alkylamino-SO₂—, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyloxy, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, or (C₂-C₉)heteroaryloxy;

wherein each of said R³ (C₁-C₆)alkyl group wherever they occur may optionally be substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from halo, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, or N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]-N-hydroxyamido.

Other preferred compounds of this invention are those of the formula I wherein R³ is halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl (preferably methyl) optionally substituted with one to three halo atoms, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-, formyl, formamidyl, cyano, amino, N—(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N—[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₆-C₁₀)arylthio, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyloxy, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, or (C₂-C₉)heteroaryloxy.

Other preferred compounds of this invention are those of the formula I wherein R³ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl (preferably methyl), —CF₃, —CF₂H, or cyano, more preferably wherein R³ is —CF₃ or —CF₂H, most preferably wherein R³ is —CF₃.

Another embodiment of the compounds of this invention are those of the formula I wherein R² is hydrogen, or (C₁-C₆)alkyl, such as methyl.

Most preferred compounds of this invention are those of the formula I wherein the “A” ring is optionally substituted pyridin-2-yl or pyridin-3-yl; more preferably wherein m is 2; R¹ is unsubstituted (C₁-C₆)alkyl, more preferably 3-methylbutyl, tert-butyl, 2-methylbutyl, or 2-methylpropyl; R³ is —CF₃ or —CF₂H; R⁴ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl (preferably methyl); and R⁵ is hydrogen.

Other most preferred compounds of this invention are those of the formula I wherein the “A” ring is optionally substituted pyridin-2-yl or pyridin-3-yl; more preferably wherein m is 2; R¹ is unsubstituted phenyl; R³ is —CF₃ or —CF₂H; R⁴ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl (preferably methyl); and R⁵ is hydrogen.

Other most preferred compounds of this invention are those of the formula I wherein the “A” ring is optionally substituted pyridin-2-yl or pyridin-3-yl; more preferably wherein m is 2; R¹ is phenyl substituted by one to three halo atoms, preferably fluoro or difluoro, more preferably 2-fluoro, 3-fluoro, or 2,4-difluoro; R³ is —CF₃ or —CF₂H; R⁴ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl (preferably methyl); and R⁵ is hydrogen.

Other most preferred compounds of this invention are those of the formula I wherein the “A” ring is optionally substituted pyridin-2-yl or pyridin-3-yl; more preferably wherein m is 2; R¹ is tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, or pyridin-4-yl, wherein said tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, or pyridin-4-yl, is unsubstituted; R³ is —CF₃ or —CF₂H; R⁴ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl (preferably methyl); and R⁵ is hydrogen.

Examples of specific preferred compounds of the formula I are the following:

2-(5-Cyclobutyl-3-trifluoromethyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl)-5-methanesulfonyl-pyridine;

2-[5-(2,2-Dimethyl-propyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl]-5-methanesulfonyl-pyridine;

2-(5-Isobutyl-3-trifluoromethyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl)-5-methanesulfonyl-pyridine;

2-(5-Furan-2-yl-3-trifluoromethyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl)-5-methanesulfonyl-pyridine;

5-Methanesulfonyl-2-[5-(pyridin-3-yl)-3-trifluoromethyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl]-pyridine;

5-Methanesulfonyl-2-[5-(pyridin-4-yl)-3-trifluoromethyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl]-pyridine;

2-(5-Cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl)-5-methanesulfonyl-pyridine;

5-Methanesulfonyl-2-[5-(pyridin-2-yl)-3-trifluoromethyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl]-pyridine;

5-Methanesulfonyl-2-[5-(3-methyl-butyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl]-pyridine;

5-Methanesulfonyl-2-[5-(tetrahydro-furan-3-yl)-3-trifluoromethyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl]-pyridine;

5-Methanesulfonyl-2-[5-(2-methyl-butyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl]-pyridine;

5-Methanesulfonyl-2-[5-(tetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-3-trifluoromethyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl]-pyridine;

2-[5-(2-Fluoro-phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl]-5-methanesulfonyl-pyridine;

2-[5-(3-Fluoro-phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl]-5-methanesulfonyl-pyridine

2-[5-(2,6-Difluoro-phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl]-5-methanesulfonyl-pyridine;

2-[5-(2,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl]-5-methanesulfonyl-pyridine;

2-[5-(2,4-Difluoro-phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl]-5-methanesulfonyl-pyridine;

5-Methanesulfonyl-2-[3-trifluoromethyl-5-(2,4,6-trifluoro-phenyl)-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl]-pyridine; and

2-[5-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl]-5-methanesulfonyl-pyridine.

Other compounds of formula I include the following:

6-(5-Phenyl-3-trifluoromethyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl)-pyridine-3-sulfonic acid amide;

6-(5-Pyridin-2-yl-3-trifluoromethyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl)-pyridine-3-sulfonic acid amide;

6-(5-Pyridin-3-yl-3-trifluoromethyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl)-pyridine-3-sulfonic acid amide;

6-(5-Pyridin-4-yl-3-trifluoromethyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl)-pyridine-3-sulfonic acid amide;

6-[5-(2-Fluoro-phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl]-pyridine-3-sulfonic acid amide;

6-[5-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl]-pyridine-3-sulfonic acid amide;

6-[5-(3-Methyl-butyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl]-pyridine-3-sulfonic acid amide;

6-(5-Cyclohexyl-3-trifluoromethyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl)-pyridine-3-sulfonic acid amide; and

6-[5-(3-Fluoro-phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl]-pyridine-3-sulfonic acid amide.

The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a condition selected from the group consisting of arthritis (including osteoarthritis, degenerative joint disease, spondyloarthropathies, gouty arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, juvenile arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis), fever (including rheumatic fever and fever associated with influenza and other viral infections), common cold, dysmenorrhea, menstrual cramps, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, emphysema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, asthma, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Alzheimer's disease, organ transplant toxicity, cachexia, allergic reactions, allergic contact hypersensitivity, cancer (such as solid tumor cancer including colon cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer and prostrate cancer; hematopoietic malignancies including leukemias and lymphomas; Hodgkin's disease; aplastic anemia, skin cancer and familiar adenomatous polyposis), tissue ulceration, peptic ulcers, gastritis, regional enteritis, ulcerative colitis, diverticulitis, recurrent gastrointestinal lesion, gastrointestinal bleeding, coagulation, anemia, synovitis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, restenosis, periodontal disease, epidermolysis bullosa, osteoporosis, loosening of artificial joint implants, atherosclerosis (including atherosclerotic plaque rupture), aortic aneurysm (including abdominal aortic aneurysm and brain aortic aneurysm), periarteritis nodosa, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, cerebral ischemia, head trauma, spinal cord injury, neuralgia, neuro-degenerative disorders (acute and chronic), autoimmune disorders, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, migraine, depression, peripheral neuropathy, pain (including low back and neck pain, headache and toothache), gingivitis, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, nootropic or cognition enhancement, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, ocular angiogenesis, corneal injury, macular degeneration, conjunctivitis, abnormal wound healing, muscle or joint sprains or strains, tendonitis, skin disorders (such as psoriasis, eczema, scleroderma and dermatitis), myasthenia gravis, polymyositis, myositis, bursitis, burns, diabetes (including types I and II diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy), tumor invasion, tumor growth, tumor metastasis, corneal scarring, scleritis, immunodeficiency diseases (such as AIDS in humans and FLV, FIV in cats), sepsis, premature labor, hypoprothrombinemia, hemophilia, thyroiditis, sarcoidosis, Behcet's syndrome, hypersensitivity, kidney disease, Rickettsial infections (such as Lyme disease, Erlichiosis), Protozoan diseases (such as malaria, giardia, coccidia), reproductive disorders (preferably in livestock), and septic shock in a mammal, preferably a human, cat livestock or a dog, comprising an amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof effective in such treatment and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a disorder or condition that can be treated by selectively inhibiting COX-2 in a mammal, preferably a human, cat, livestock or dog, comprising an effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a condition selected from the group consisting of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis (including osteoarthritis, degenerative joint disease, spondyloarthropathies, gouty arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, juvenile arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis), or fever (including rheumatic fever and fever associated with influenza).

The present invention also relates to a method for treating a condition selected from the group consisting of arthritis (including osteoarthritis, degenerative joint disease, spondyloarthropathies, gouty arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, juvenile arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis), fever (including rheumatic fever and fever associated with influenza and other viral infections), common cold, dysmenorrhea, menstrual cramps, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, emphysema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, asthma, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Alzheimer's disease, organ transplant toxicity, cachexia, allergic reactions, allergic contact hypersensitivity, cancer (such as solid tumor cancer including colon cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer and prostrate cancer; hematopoietic malignancies including leukemias and lymphomas; Hodgkin's disease; aplastic anemia, skin cancer and familiar adenomatous polyposis), tissue ulceration, peptic ulcers, gastritis, regional enteritis, ulcerative colitis, diverticulitis, recurrent gastrointestinal lesion, gastrointestinal bleeding, coagulation, anemia, synovitis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, restenosis, periodontal disease, epidermolysis bullosa, osteoporosis, loosening of artificial joint implants, atherosclerosis (including atherosclerotic plaque rupture), aortic aneurysm (including abdominal aortic aneurysm and brain aortic aneurysm), periarteritis nodosa, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, cerebral ischemia, head trauma, spinal cord injury, neuralgia, neuro-degenerative disorders (acute and chronic), autoimmune disorders, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, migraine, depression, peripheral neuropathy, pain (including low back and neck pain, headache and toothache), gingivitis, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, nootropic or cognition enhancement, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, ocular angiogenesis, corneal injury, macular degeneration, conjunctivitis, abnormal wound healing, muscle or joint sprains or strains, tendonitis, skin disorders (such as psoriasis, eczema, scleroderma and dermatitis), myasthenia gravis, polymyositis, myositis, bursitis, burns, diabetes (including types I and II diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy), tumor invasion, tumor growth, tumor metastasis, corneal scarring, scleritis, immunodeficiency diseases (such as AIDS in humans and FLV, FIV in cats), sepsis, premature labor, hypoprothrombinemia, hemophilia, thyroiditis, sarcoidosis, Behcet's syndrome, hypersensitivity, kidney disease, Rickettsial infections (such as Lyme disease, Erlichiosis), Protozoan diseases (such as malaria, giardia, coccidia), reproductive disorders (preferably in livestock) and septic shock in a mammal, preferably a human, cat livestock or a dog, comprising administering to said mammal an amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof effective in treating such a condition.

The present invention also relates to a method for treating a disorder or condition that can be treated by selectively inhibiting COX-2 in a mammal, preferably a human, cat livestock or a dog, comprising administering to a mammal requiring such treatment a COX-2 selective inhibiting effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present invention also relates to a method for treating a condition selected from the group consisting of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis (including osteoarthritis, degenerative joint disease, spondyloarthropathies, gouty arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, juvenile arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis), or fever (including rheumatic fever and fever associated with influenza).

This invention also relates to a method of or a pharmaceutical composition for treating inflammatory processes and diseases comprising administering a compound of formula I of this invention or its salt to a mammal including a human, cat, livestock or dog, wherein said inflammatory processes and diseases are defined as above, and said inhibitory compound is used in combination with one or more other therapeutically active agents under the following conditions:

A.) where a joint has become seriously inflammed as well as infected at the same time by bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and/or virus, said inhibitory compound is administered in combination with one or more antibiotic, antifungal, antiprotozoal, and/or antiviral therapeutic agents;

B.) where a multi-fold treatment of pain and inflammation is desired, said inhibitory compound is administered in combination with inhibitors of other mediators of inflammation, comprising one or more members independently selected from the group consisting essentially of:

(1) NSAIDs;

(2) H₁-receptor antagonists;

(3) kinin-B₁- and B₂-receptor antagonists;

(4) prostaglandin inhibitors selected from the group consisting of PGD-, PGF- PGI₂-, and PGE-receptor antagonists;

(5) thromboxane A₂ (TXA₂-) inhibitors;

(6) 5-, 12- and 15-lipoxygenase inhibitors;

(7) leukotriene LTC₄-, LTD₄/LTE₄-, and LTB₄-inhibitors;

(8) PAF-receptor antagonists;

(9) gold in the form of an aurothio group together with one or more hydrophilic groups;

(10) immunosuppressive agents selected from the group consisting of cyclosporine, azathioprine, and methotrexate;

(11) anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids;

(12) penicillamine;

(13) hydroxychloroquine;

(14) anti-gout agents including coichicine; xanthine oxidase inhibitors including allopurinol; and uricosuric agents selected from probenecid, sulfinpyrazone, and benzbromarone;

C.) where older mammals are being treated for disease conditions, syndromes and symptoms found in geriatric mammals, said inhibitory compound is administered in combination with one or more members independently selected from the group consisting essentially of:

(1) cognitive therapeutics to counteract memory loss and impairment;

(2) anti-hypertensives and other cardiovascular drugs intended to offset the consequences of atherosclerosis, hypertension, myocardial ischemia, angina, congestive heart failure, and myocardial infarction, selected from the group consisting of:

a. diuretics;

b. vasodilators;

c. β-adrenergic receptor antagonists;

d. angiotensin-II converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-inhibitors), alone or optionally together with neutral endopeptidase inhibitors;

e. angiotensin II receptor antagonists;

f. renin inhibitors;

g. calcium channel blockers;

h. sympatholytic agents;

i. α₂-adrenergic agonists;

j. α-adrenergic receptor antagonists; and

k. HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitors (anti-hypercholesterolemics);

(3) antineoplastic agents selected from:

a. antimitotic drugs selected from:

i. vinca alkaloids selected from:

[1] vinblastine, and

[2] vincristine;

(4) growth hormone secretagogues;

(5) strong analgesics;

(6) local and systemic anesthetics; and

(7) H₂-receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, and other gastroprotective agents.

The term “treating”, as used herein, refers to reversing, alleviating, inhibiting the progress of, or preventing the disorder or condition to which such term applies, or one or more symptoms of such disorder or condition. The term “treatment”, as used herein, refers to the act of treating, as “treating” is defined immediately above.

The term “livestock animals” as used herein refers to domesticated quadrupeds, which includes those being raised for meat and various byproducts, e.g., a bovine animal including cattle and other members of the genus Bos, a porcine animal including domestic swine and other members of the genus Sus, an ovine animal including sheep and other members of the genus Ovis, domestic goats and other members of the genus Capra; domesticated quadrupeds being raised for specialized tasks such as use as a beast of burden, e.g., an equine animal including domestic horses and other members of the family Equidae, genus Equus, or for searching and sentinel duty, e.g., a canine animal including domestic dogs and other members of the genus Canis; and domesticated quadrupeds being raised primarily for recreational purposes, e.g., members of Equus and Canis, as well as a feline animal including domestic cats and other members of the family Felidae, genus Felis.

“Companion animals” as used herein refers to cats, dogs and horses. As used herein, the term “dog(s)” denotes any member of the species Canis familiaris, of which there are a large number of different breeds. While laboratory determinations of biological activity may have been carried out using a particular breed, it is contemplated that the inhibitory compounds of the present invention will be found to be useful for treating pain and inflammation in any of these numerous breeds. Dogs represent a particularly preferred class of patients in that they are well known as being very susceptible to chronic inflammatory processes such as osteoarthritis and degenerative joint disease, which in dogs often results from a variety of developmental diseases, e.g., hip dysplasia and osteochondrosis, as well as from traumatic injuries to joints. Conventional NSAIDs, if used in canine therapy, have the potential for serious adverse gastrointestinal reactions and other adverse reactions including kidney and liver toxicity. Gastrointestinal effects such as single or multiple ulcerations, including perforation and hemorrhage of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum or small and large intestine, are usually debilitating, but can often be severe or even fatal.

The term “treating reproductive disorders (preferably in livestock)” as used herein refers to the use of the COX-2 inhibitors of the invention in mammals, preferably livestock animals (cattle, pigs, sheep, goats or horses), during the estrus cycle to control the time of onset of estrus by blocking the uterine signal for lysis of the corpus luteum, i.e. F-series prostaglandins, then removing the inhibition when the onset of estrus is desired. There are settings where it is useful to control or synchronize the time of estrus, especially when artificial insemination or embryo transfer are to be performed. Such use also includes enhancing the rate of embryo survival in pregnant livestock animals. Blocking F-series prostaglandin release can have several beneficial actions including reducing uterine contractions, enhancing uteroplacental bloodflow, supporting recognition of pregnancy, and postponing lysis of the corpus luteum at the time when estrus would have occurred had the animal not become pregnant (around Day 21 of pregnancy). Such treatment also abrogates the effects of stress on reproduction. For example reductions in fertility caused by excessive heat, negative energy balance and other stresses which have a COX-2 mediated component, as does abortion induced by stress such as heat, transportation, co-mingling, palpation, infection, etc. Such treatment is also useful to control the time of parturition, which is accompanied by release of F-series prostaglandins that lead to lysis of the corpus luteum. Inhibition of COX-2 would block the onset of premature labor in livestock animals, allowing the offspring time to mature before birth. Also there are settings where controlling the time of parturition is a useful tool for management of pregnant animals.

The subject invention also includes isotopically-labelled compounds, which are identical to those recited in Formula I, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine and chlorine, such as ²H, ³H, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O, ³¹P, ³²P, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F, and ³⁶Cl, respectively. Compounds of the present invention, prodrugs thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said compounds or of said prodrugs which contain the aforementioned isotopes and/or other isotopes of other atoms are within the scope of this invention. Certain isotopically-labelled compounds of the present invention, for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as ³H and ¹⁴C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. Tritiated, i.e., ³H, and carbon-14, i.e., ¹⁴C, isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium, i.e., ²H, can afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements and, hence, may be preferred in some circumstances. Isotopically labelled compounds of Formula I of this invention and prodrugs thereof can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the Schemes and/or in the Examples and Preparations below, by substituting a readily available isotopically labelled reagent for a non-isotopically labelled reagent.

This invention also encompasses pharmaceutical compositions containing prodrugs of compounds of the formula I. This invention also encompasses methods of treating disorders that can be treated by the selective inhibition of COX-2 comprising administering prodrugs of compounds of the formula I. Compounds of formula I having free amino, amido, hydroxy, carboxylic acid ester, sulfonamide or carboxylic groups (especially alkyl-S—and alkyl-(S═O)—) can be converted into prodrugs. Prodrugs include compounds wherein an amino acid residue, or a polypeptide chain of two or more (e.g., two, three or four) amino acid residues which are covalently joined through peptide bonds to free amino, hydroxy or carboxylic acid groups of compounds of formula I. The amino acid residues include the 20 naturally occurring amino acids commonly designated by three letter symbols and also include, 4-hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, demosine, isodemosine, 3-methylhistidine, norvalin, beta-alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, citrulline, homocysteine, homoserine, ornithine and methionine sulfone. Prodrugs also include compounds wherein carbonates, carbamates, amides and alkyl esters are covalently bonded to the above substituents of formula I through the carbonyl carbon prodrug sidechain. Prodrugs also include metabolically labile groups such as ethers, acetates, mercaptans and sulfoxides.

One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the compounds of the invention are useful in treating a diverse array of diseases. One of ordinary skill in the art will also appreciate that when using the compounds of the invention in the treatment of a specific disease that the compounds of the invention may be combined with various existing therapeutic agents used for that disease.

For the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the compounds of the invention may be combined with agents such as TNF-αinhibitors such as anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies and TNF receptor immunoglobulin molecules (such as Enbrel®), low dose methotrexate, lefunimide, hydroxychloroquine, d-penicilamine, auranofin or parenteral or oral gold.

The compounds of the invention can also be used in combination with existing therapeutic agents for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Suitable agents to be used in combination include standard non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (hereinafter NSAID's) such as piroxicam, diclofenac, propionic acids such as naproxen, flurbiprofen, fenoprofen, ketoprofen and ibuprofen, fenamates such as mefenamic acid, indomethacin, sulindac, apazone, pyrazolones such as phenylbutazone, salicylates such as aspirin, COX-2 inhibitors such as celecoxib and rofecoxib, analgesics and intraarticular therapies such as corticosteroids and hyaluronic acids such as hyalgan and synvisc.

The active ingredient of the present invention may be administered in combination with inhibitors of other mediators of inflammation, comprising one or more members selected from the group consisting essentially of the classes of such inhibitors and examples thereof which include, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, aggrecanase inhibitors, TACE inhibitors, leucotriene receptor antagonists, IL-1 processing and release inhibitors, ILra, H₁-receptor antagonists; kinin-B₁- and B₂-receptor antagonists; prostaglandin inhibitors such as PGD-, PGF- PGI₂-, and PGE-receptor antagonists; thromboxane A₂ (TXA2-) inhibitors; 5- and 12-lipoxygenase inhibitors; leukotriene LTC₄-, LTD₄/LTE₄-, and LTB₄-inhibitors; PAF-receptor antagonists; gold in the form of an aurothio group together with various hydrophilic groups; immunosuppressive agents, e.g., cyclosporine, azathioprine, and methotrexate; anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids; penicillamine; hydroxychloroquine; anti-gout agents, e.g., colchicine, xanthine oxidase inhibitors, e.g., allopurinol, and uricosuric agents, e.g., probenecid, sulfinpyrazone, and benzbromarone.

The compounds of the present invention may also be used in combination with anticancer agents such as endostatin and angiostatin or cytotoxic drugs such as adriamycin, daunomycin, cis-platinum, etoposide, taxol, taxotere and alkaloids, such as vincristire, and antimetabolites such as methotrexate.

The compounds of the present invention may also be used in combination with anti-hypertensives and other cardiovascular drugs intended to offset the consequences of atherosclerosis, including hypertension, myocardial ischemia including angina, congestive heart failure, and myocardial infarction, selected from vasodilators such as hydralazine, β-adrenergic receptor antagonists such as propranolol, calcium channel blockers such as nifedipine, α₂-adrenergic agonists such as clonidine, α-adrenergic receptor antagonists such as prazosin, and HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitors (anti-hypercholesterolemics) such as lovastatin or atorvastatin.

The active ingredient of the present invention may also be administered in combination with one or more antibiotic, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antiviral or similar therapeutic agents.

The compounds of the present invention may also be used in combination with CNS agents such as antidepressants (such as sertraline), anti-Parkinsonian drugs (such as L-dopa, requip, mirapex, MAOB inhibitors such as selegine and rasagiline, comP inhibitors such as Tasmar, A-2 inhibitors, dopamine reuptake inhibitors, NMDA antagonists, nicotine agonists, dopamine agonists and inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase), and anti-Alzheimer's drugs such as donepezil, tacrine, COX-2 inhibitors, propentofylline or metryfonate.

The compounds of the present invention may also be used in combination with osteoporosis agents such as roloxifene, lasofoxifene, droloxifene or fosomax and immunosuppressant agents such as FK-506 and rapamycin.

The present invention also relates to the formulation of the active agents of the present invention alone or with one or more other therapeutic agents which are to form the intended combination, including wherein said different drugs have varying half-lives, by creating controlled-release forms of said drugs with different release times which achieves relatively uniform dosing; or, in the case of non-human patients, a medicated feed dosage form in which said drugs used in the combination are present together in admixture in said feed composition. There is further provided in accordance with the present invention co-administration in which the combination of drugs is achieved by the simultaneous administration of said drugs to be given in combination; including co-administration by means of different dosage forms and routes of administration; the use of combinations in accordance with different but regular and continuous dosing schedules whereby desired plasma levels of said drugs involved are maintained in the patient being treated, even though the individual drugs making up said combination are not being administered to said patient simultaneously.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following reaction Schemes illustrate the preparation of the compounds of the present invention. Unless otherwise indicated, R¹ through R⁶, A, X and m in the reaction schemes and discussion that follow are as defined above.

Scheme 1 refers to the preparation of compounds of the formula I. Referring to Scheme 1, compounds of formula I,

wherein the heterocyclic

 has the general formula

wherein each of X, Y, or Z can independently be CR⁶ or N and at least one of X, Y, or Z must be N (i.e., compounds of general formulae A1 (wherein X is CR⁶ or N, Y is CH, and Z is N), A2 (wherein X is CR⁶ or N, Y is CH, and Z is N), A3 (wherein X is CH, Y is N, and Z is N), A4 (wherein X is N, Y is N, and Z is N), A5 (wherein X is N, Y is N, and Z is N), and A6 (wherein X is N, Y is N, and Z is CH)). Specifically, the compounds of formula I (ire., a compound of the formulae IA1-IA6, respectively):

 can be prepared from a compound of formula II (i.e., a compound of formulae IIA1-IIA6, respectively):

 by reaction of the compound of formula II with a compound of a general formula R¹CO₂H, under acidic, neutral, preferably under neutral conditions, in a suitable solvent or solvent mixture. Preferred neutral conditions include use of diisopropylcarbodiimide in the presence of dimethylaminopyridine, triethyl amine, diisopropylethyl amine, potassium carbonate, etc. Suitable acids include hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, para-toluenesulfonic acid and sulfuric acid. Suitable solvents include alcohol (such as ethanol, trifluoroethanol, methanol, propanol, isopropanol or butanol), dioxane, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), benzene, toluene, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethoxyethane (DME), dichloroethane or chloroform, preferably dioxane. This reaction can be carried out at a temperature from about 40° C. to about 120° C., preferably at about 90° C. This reaction can be carried out for a period of from about 1 hour to about 72 hours, preferably from about 2 hours to about 48 hours.

The compounds of formula II (i.e., a compound of formulae IIA1-IIA6, respectively, as defined above) can be prepared from a compound of the formula III by reaction of the compound of formula III with a compound of the formula V:

or an acidic salt thereof, such as a hydrochloric salt thereof,

wherein the heterocyclic

 has the general formula

wherein each of X, Y, or Z can be CR⁶ or N and at least one of X, Y, or Z must be N as defined above. Specifically, the compounds of formula V (i.e., a compound of the formulae VA1-VA6, respectively):

 can be reacted with the compound of formula III, wherein L¹ is a leaving group, in the presence of a base and a solvent. Suitable leaving groups L¹ include triflate, mesylate, tosylate, halo (such as iodo, bromo or chloro), or amine (such as ammonia), preferably triflate, mesylate, or halo (such as bromo or chloro). Suitable bases include amine (such as triethylamine), potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃), sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), sodium methoxide, potassium-tert-butoxide, lithium diisopropylamide, N-methylmorpholine, preferably triethylamine. Suitable solvents include dialkylether (such as diethylether or methyl tert-butyl 15 ether), tetrahydrofuran (THF), alcohol (such as methanol), dichloromethane, dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMA) or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), preferably THF. This reaction can be carried out at a temperature from about 0° C. to about 100° C., preferably at about 25° C. This reaction can be carried out for a period of from about 1 hour to about 120 hours, preferably from about 2 hours to about 36 hours.

Compounds of formula III can be prepared from a compound of the formula IV by reaction of the compound of formula III with an activating reagent, in the presence of a base and a solvent. Suitable activating reagents include triflic anhydride, mesyl anhydride, methanesulfonylchloride phoshorus trichloride, and phosphorus tribromide. Suitable bases include such as triethylamine, sodium hydride, or lithiumdiisopropylamide. Suitable solvents include tetrahydrofuran, methylene chloride, or dimethylformamide. This reaction can be carried out at a temperature from about −78° C. to about 100° C., preferably at about 25-80° C. depending on the reagents. This reaction can be carried out for a period of from about 30 minutes to about 72 hours, preferably from about 1 hour to about 24 hours.

Compounds of formula IV are commercially available or can be made by methods well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, compounds of formula IV can be prepared by the methods described in Advanced Organic Chemistry, 4^(th) ed., 1992 and the references cited therein, which are herein incorporated by reference.

Scheme 2 refers to the preparation of compounds of the formula V wherein each of X, Y, or Z can be CR⁶ or N and at least one of X, Y, or Z must be N, as defined above, in a multi-step process from compounds of the formula VIII, wherein L² and L³ are leaving groups such as halo. Referring to Scheme 2, compounds of the formula V (i.e., a compound of the formulae VA1-VA6, respectively, as defined above) are prepared from compounds of the formula VI (i.e., a compound of the formulae VIA1-VIA6, respectively):

wherein L³ is a leaving group, by reaction with hydrazine (preferably anhydrous hydrazine) in the presence of a polar solvent. Suitable leaving groups include halo, triflate, or methylsulfonyl, preferably halo, such as chloro and bromo. Suitable solvents include alcohol (such as ethanol, methanol, propanol orbutanol), DMSO, DMF, DMA, or NMP, preferably alcohol, most preferably ethanol. This reaction can be carried out at a temperature from about 0° C. to about 140° C., preferably at about the reflux temperature of the solvent. This reaction can be carried out for a period of from about 1 hour to about 36 hours, preferably from about 2 hours to about 24 hours. Preferably the product is isolated as a salt, such as a hydrobromide or hydrochloride salt. The hydrochloride salt is preferred.

The compound of formula VI (i.e., a compound of the formulae VIA1-VIA6, respectively, as defined above) can be prepared from a compound of the formula VII (i.e., a compound of the formulae VIIA1-VIIA6, respectively):

wherein L³ is a leaving group, by reaction with an oxidizing reagent in the presence of a solvent. Suitable oxidizing agents include meta-chloroperbenzoic acid, hydrogen peroxide, sodium perborate, or Oxone® Suitable solvents or solvent mixtures include methanol-water, dioxane-water, terahydrofuran-water, methylene chloride, or chloroform, preferably methanol-water or methylene chloride. This reaction can be carried out at a temperature from about 0° C. to about 60° C., preferably the temperature may range from about 20° C. to about 25° C. (i.e. room temperature). This reaction can be carried out for a period of from about 0.5 hours to about 24 hour, preferably about 16 hours.

The compounds of the formula VII (i.e., a compound of the formulae VIIA1-VIIA6, respectively, as defined above) can be prepared from a compound of formula VIII (i.e., a compound of the VIIIA1-VIIIA6, respectively):

wherein each of L²and L³ independently is a leaving group, by substitution reaction using a sulfur reagent in the presence or absence of a base in a polar solvent. Suitable leaving groups L² include halo or methylsulfonyl, preferably halo, such as bromo or iodo. Suitable leaving groups L³halo or methylsulfonyl, preferably halo, such as bromo or iodo. Suitable sulfur nucleophilic reagents include alkylthiol, dialkyldisulfide, alkylsulfonate, sodium thioalkoxide or potassium thioalkoxide. Suitable bases include sodium hydroxide, triethylamine, alkyllithiums (such as n-butyllithium, sec-butyllithium, and tert-butyllithium) and lithium diisopropylamide. Suitable solvents include dialkylethers (such as dimethylether), alcohol (such as methanol, ethanol and tert-butanol), THF, benzene, toluene, xylene, DMF, DMSO, dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, and a mixture of an alcohol and water. This reaction can be carried out at a temperature from about −78° C. to 200° C., preferably the temperature may range from about −78° C. to about 120° C. The reaction can be carried out for a period of from about 1 minute to 24 hours.

Compounds of the formula VII (i.e., a compound of the formulae VIIIA1-VIIIA6, respectively, as defined above) may be prepared by methods well known to those of ordinary skill in the art (see EP 1104760).

Scheme 3 refers to an alternative preparation of compounds of the formula V (i.e., a compound of the formulae VA1-VA6, respectively, as defined above) by multi step reactions of a nitrosation reaction followed by reduction. Referring to Scheme 3, a compound of the formula V can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula IX (i.e., a compound of the formulae IXA1-IXA6, respectively):

wherein P is —NH—NO or —N≡N⁺, with a reducing agent or catalytic hydrogenation in an inert solvent. Suitable reducing agents include metal halides such as TiCl₃, SnCl₂, zinc powder-acetic acid, sodium-ethanol, sodium-aqueous ammonia, lithium aluminum hydride and the like. Catalytic hydrogenation may be carried out using a catalyst such as palladium on carbon (Pd/C), palladium on barium sulfate (Pd/BaSO₄), platinum on carbon (Pt/C), or tris(triphenylphosphine) rhodium chloride (Wilkinson's catalyst), in an appropriate solvent. Suitable solvents include alcohol (such as methanol or ethanol), THF, dioxane, and ethyl acetate, at a pressure from about 1 to about 5 atmospheres and a temperature from about 10° C. to about 60° C. The preferred condition is Pd on carbon in methanol solvent at 25° C. and 50 psi of hydrogen gas pressure. This method also provides for introduction of hydrogen isotopes (i.e., deuterium or tritium) by replacing ¹H₂ with ²H₂ or ³H₂ in the above procedure. Compounds of formula VA1-VA6 thus obtained may be isolated as an acid addition salt such as hydrochloride.

A compound of the formula IX (i.e., a compound of the formulae IXA1-IXA6, respectively, as defined above) can be prepared by reaction of a compound of the formula X (i.e., a compound of the formulae XA1-XA6, respectively):

with a suitable reagent. Suitable reagents include sodium nitrite in an aqueous medium (such as hydrochloric acid in water), nitrosyl chloride, nitrogen oxides and nitrite ethers. This reaction can be carried out at a temperature from about −78° C. to about 200° C., preferably the temperature may range from about 0° C. to about 25° C. This reaction can be carried out for a period of about 1 minute to about 10 hours, preferably for about 4 hours.

Compounds of formula X (i.e., a compound of the formulae XA1-XA6, respectively, as defined above) are commercially available or can be prepared by methods well known to those of ordinary skill in the art (see F. Walker et al., J. Chem. Soc. 1939, 1948).

Compounds of the formula V (i.e., a compound of the formulae VA1-VA6, respectively, as defined above) may be also prepared by methods well known to those of ordinary skill in the art (see J. Vavrina et al., Collection Czechoslov. Chem. Common. Vol. 37, p. 1721, 1972).

Other methods of preparing the compounds of Formula I are well known to those skilled in the art such as those described in Heterocycles, 31,1041 (1990). The compounds of formula I can also be synthesized by using the method of Kharash, Negishi, Stille, or Suzuki et. al., which are well known in the art. In general, heteroaryl compounds are synthesized by a number of catalytic cross-coupling reactions from heteroaryl halides or triflates and heteroaryl metal reagents (such as Grignard reagent (the so-called Kharasch reaction), heteroaryl zinc reagent (the so-called Negishi reaction), heteroaryl tin reagent (the so-called Stille reaction), heteroaryl silyl reagent, etc. (see for example S. P. Stanforth, Tetrahedron, 1998, 54, 263-303)).

Unless indicated otherwise, the pressure of each of the above reactions is not critical. Generally, the reactions will be conducted at a pressure of about one to about three atmospheres, preferably at ambient pressure (about one atmosphere).

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the above schemes describe general methods for preparing the compounds of the invention. Specific compounds of formula I may possess sensitive functional groups that require protecting groups when prepared with the intermediates described. Examples of suitable protecting groups may be found in T. W. Greene and P. Wuts, Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, 2nd Edition, New York, 1991.

The compounds of the formula I which are basic in nature are capable of forming a wide variety of different salts with various inorganic and organic acids. Although such salts must be pharmaceutically acceptable for administration to animals, it is often desirable in practice to initially isolate a compound of the formula I from the reaction mixture as a pharmaceutically unacceptable salt and then simply convert the latter back to the free base compound by treatment with an alkaline reagent, and subsequently convert the free base to a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt. The acid addition salts of the base compounds of this invention are readily prepared by treating the base compound with a substantially equivalent amount of the chosen mineral or organic acid in an aqueous solvent medium or in a suitable organic solvent such as methanol or ethanol. Upon careful evaporation of the solvent, the desired solid salt is obtained.

The acids which are used to prepare the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of the base compounds of this invention are those which form non-toxic acid addition salts, i.e., salts containing pharmacologically acceptable anions, such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, nitrate, sulfate or bisulfate, phosphate or acid phosphate, acetate, lactate, citrate or acid citrate, tartrate or bitartrate, succinate, maleate, fumarate, gluconate, saccharate, benzoate, methanesulfonate and pamoate [i.e., 1,1′-methylene-bis-(2-hydroxy-3-naphthoate)] salts.

Those compounds of the formula I which are also acidic in nature, e.g., wherein any of R¹, R³, R⁴, R⁵, or R⁶ include a hydroxycarbonyl, acidic heteroaryl such as tetrazole, or other acidic moiety, are capable of forming base salts with various pharmacologically acceptable cations. Examples of such salts include the alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal salts and particularly, the sodium and potassium salts. These salts are all prepared by conventional techniques. The chemical bases which are used as reagents to prepare the pharmaceutically acceptable base salts of this invention are those which form non-toxic base salts with the herein described acidic compounds of formula I. These non-toxic base salts include those derived from such pharmacologically acceptable cations as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium, etc. These salts can easily be prepared by treating the corresponding acidic compounds with an aqueous solution containing the desired pharmacologically acceptable cations, and then evaporating the resulting solution to dryness, preferably under reduced pressure. Alternatively, they may also be prepared by mixing lower alkanolic solutions of the acidic compounds and the desired alkali metal alkoxide together, and then evaporating the resulting solution to dryness in the same manner as before. In either case, stoichiometric quantities of reagents are preferably employed in order to ensure completeness of reaction and maximum product yields.

METHOD FOR ASSESSING BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

The activity of the compounds of the formula I of the present invention was demonstrated by the following assays.

Human In Vitro Assays

Human Cell-Based COX-1 Assay

Human peripheral blood obtained from healthy volunteers was diluted to 1/10 volume with 3.8% sodium citrate solution. The platelet-rich plasma immediately obtained was washed with 0.14 M sodium chloride containing 12 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) and 1.2 mM EDTA. Platelets were then washed with platelet buffer (Hanks buffer (Ca free) containing 0.2% BSA and 20 mM Hepes). Finally, the human washed platelets (HWP) were suspended in platelet buffer at the concentration of 2.85×10⁸ cells/ml and stored at room temperature until use. The HWP suspension (70 μl aliquots, final 2.0×10⁷ cells/ml) was placed in a 96-well U bottom plate and 10 μl aliquots of 12.6 mM calcium chloride added. Platelets were incubated with A23187 (final 10 μM, Sigma) with test compound (0.1-100 μM) dissolved in DMSO (final concentration; less than 0.01%) at 37° C. for 15 minutes. The reaction was stopped by addition of EDTA (final 7.7 mM) and TxB2 in the supernatant quantitated by using a radioimmunoassay kit (Amersham) according to the manufacturer's procedure.

Human Cell-Based COX-2 Assay

The human cell based COX-2 assay was carried out as previously described (Moore et al., Inflam. Res., 45, 54,1996). Confluent human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs, Morinaga) in a 96-well flat bottom plate were washed with 80 ml of RPMI1640 containing 2% FBS and incubated with hIL-1β (final concentration 300 U/ml, R & D Systems) at 37° C. for 24 hours. After washing, the activated HUVECs were incubateed with test compound (final concentration; 0.1 nM-1 μM) dissolved in DMSO (final concentration; less than 0.01%) at 37° C. for 20 minutes and stimulated with A23187 (final concentration 30 mM) in Hanks buffer containing 0.2% BSA, 20 mM Hepes at 37° C. for 15 minutes. 6-Keto-PGF_(1α), stable metabolite of PGI2, in the supernatant was quantitated by using a radioimmunoassay method (antibody; Preseptive Diagnostics, SPA; Amersham).

Canine In Vitro Assays

The following canine cell based COX 1 and COX-2 assays have been reported in Ricketts et al., Evaluation of Selective Inhibition of Canine Cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 by Carprofen and Other Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs, American Journal of Veterinary Research, 59 (11), 1441-1446

Protocol for Evaluation of Canine COX-1 Activity

Test drug compounds were solubilized and diluted the day before the assay was to be conducted with 0.1 mL of DMSO/9.9 mL of Hank's balanced salts solution (HBSS), and stored overnight at 4° C. On the day that the assay was carried out, citrated blood was drawn from a donor dog, centrifuged at 190 times g for 25 minutes at room temperature, and the resulting platelet-rich plasma was then transferred to a new tube for further procedures. The platelets were washed by centrifuging at 1500 times g for 10 minutes at room temperature. The platelets were washed with platelet buffer comprising Hank's buffer (Ca free) with 0.2% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 20 mM HEPES. The platelet samples were then adjusted to 1.5×10⁷/mL, after which 50 μl of calcium ionophore (A23187) together with a calcium chloride solution were added to 50 μl of test drug compound dilution in plates to produce final concentrations of 1.7 μM A23187 and 1.26 mM Ca. Then, 100 μl of canine washed platelets were added and the samples were incubated at 37° C. for 15 minutes, after which the reaction was stopped by adding 20 μl of 77 mM EDTA. The plates were then centrifuged at 2000×g for 10 minutes at 4° C., after which 50 μl of supernatant was assayed for thromboxane B₂ (TXB₂) by enzyme-immunoassay (EIA). The pg/mL of TXB₂ was calculated from the standard line included on each plate, from which it was possible to calculate the percent inhibition of COX-1 and the IC₅₀ values for the test drug compounds.

Protocol for Evaluation of Canine COX-2 Activity

A canine histocytoma (macrophage-like) cell line from the American Type Culture Collection designated as DH82, was used in setting up the protocol for evaluating the COX-2 inhibition activity of various test drug compounds. There was added to flasks of these cells 10 μg/mL of LPS, after which the flask cultures were incubated overnight. The same test drug compound dilutions as described above for the COX-1 protocol were used for the COX-2 assay and were prepared the day before the assay was carried out. The cells were harvested from the culture flasks by scraping, and were then washed with minimal Eagle's media (MEM) combined with 1% fetal bovine serum, centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 2 minutes, and adjusted to a concentration of 3.2×10⁵ cells/mL. To 50 μl of test drug dilution there was added 50 μl of arachidonic acid in MEM to give a 10 μM final concentration, and there was added as well 100 μl of cell suspension to give a final concentration of 1.6×10⁵ cells/mL. The test sample suspensions were incubated for 1 hour and then centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 10 minutes at 4° C., after which 50 μl aliquots of each test drug sample were delivered to EIA plates. The EIA was performed for prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), and the pg/mL concentration of PGE₂ was calculated from the standard line included on each plate. From this data it was possible to calculate the percent inhibition of COX-2 and the IC₅₀ values for the test drug compounds. Repeated investigations of COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition were conducted over the course of several months. The results are averaged, and a single COX-1: COX-2 ratio is calculated.

Whole blood assays for COX-1 and COX-2 are known in the art such as the methods described in C. Brideau, et al., A Human Whole Blood Assay for Clinical Evaluation of Biochemical Efficacy of Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors, Inflammation Research, Vol. 45, pp. 68-74 (1996). These methods may be applied with feline, canine or human blood as needed.

In Vivo Assays

Carrageenan Induced Foot Edema in Rats

Male Sprague-Dawley rats (5 weeks old, Charles River Japan) were fasted overnight. A line was drawn using a marker above the ankle on the right hind paw and the paw volume (V0) was measured by water displacement using a plethysmometer (Muromachi). Animals were given orally either vehicle (0.1% methyl cellulose or 5% Tween 80) or a test compound (2.5 ml per 100 g body weight). One hour later, the animals were then injected intradermally with □-carrageenan (0.1 ml of 1% w/v suspension in saline, Zushikagaku) into right hind paw (Winter et al., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 111, 544, 1962; Lombardino et al., Arzneim. Forsch., 25, 1629, 1975) and three hours later, the paw volume (V3) was measured and the increase in volume (V3-V0) calculated. Since maximum inhibition attainable with classical NSAIDs is 60-70%, ED₃₀ values were calculated.

Gastric Ulceration in Rats

The gastric ulcerogenicity of test compound was assessed by a modification of the conventional method (Ezer et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 28, 655, 1976; Cashin et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 29, 330-336, 1977). Male Sprague-Dawley rats (5 weeks old, Charles River Japan), fasted overnight, were given orally either vehicle (0.1% methyl cellulose or 5% Tween 80) or a test compound (1 ml per 100 g body weight). Six hours after, the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. The stomachs were removed and inflated with 1% formalin solution (10 ml). Stomachs were opened by cutting along the greater curvature. From the number of rats that showed at least one gastric ulcer or haemorrhaging erosion (including ecchymosis), the incidence of ulceration was calculated. Animals did not have access to either food or water during the experiment.

Canine Whole Blood ex Vivo Determinations of COX-1 and COX-2 Activity Inhibition

The in vivo inhibitory potency of a test compound against COX-1 and COX-2 activity may be evaluated using an ex vivo procedure on canine whole blood. Three dogs were dosed with 5 mg/kg of the test compound administered by oral gavage in 0.5% methylcellulose vehicle and three dogs were untreated. A zero-hour blood sample was collected from all dogs in the study prior to dosing, followed by 2- and 8-hour post-dose blood sample collections. Test tubes were prepared containing 2 μL of either (A) calcium ionophore A23187 giving a 50 μM final concentration, which stimulates the production of thromboxane B₂ (TXB₂) for COX-1 activity determination; or of (B) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to give a 10 μg/mL final concentration, which stimulates the production of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) for COX-2 activity determination. Test tubes with unstimulated vehicle were used as controls. A 500 μL sample of blood was added to each of the above-described test tubes, after which they were incubated at 37° C. for one hour in the case of the calcium ionophore-containing test tubes, and overnight in the case of the LPS-containing test tubes. After incubation, 10 μL of EDTA was added to give a final concentration of 0.3%, in order to prevent coagulation of the plasma which sometimes occurs after thawing frozen plasma samples. The incubated samples were centrifuged at 4° C. and the resulting plasma sample of ˜200 μL was collected and stored at −20° C. in polypropylene 96-well plates. In order to determine endpoints for this study, enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kits available from Cayman were used to measure production of TXB₂ and PGE₂, utilizing the principle of competitive binding of tracer to antibody and endpoint determination by colorimetry. Plasma samples were diluted to approximate the range of standard amounts which would be supplied in a diagnostic or research tools kit, i.e., 1/500 for TXB₂ and 1/750 for PGE₂.

The data set out in Table 1 below show how the percent inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 activity is calculated based on their zero hour values. The data is expressed as treatment group averages in pg/ml of TXB₂ and PGE₂ produced per sample. Plasma dilution was not factored in said data values.

The data in Table 1 show that, in this illustration, at the 5 mg/kg dose there was significant COX-2 inhibition at both timepoints. The data in Table 1 also show that at the 5 mg/kg dose there was no significant inhibition of COX-1 activity at the timepoints involved. Accordingly, the data in Table 1 clearly demonstrates that at the 5 mg/kg dosage concentration this compound possesses good COX-2 selectivity.

TABLE 1 COX-1 ACTIVITY INHIBITION - Group Averages TXB₂ Pg/mL/Well Percent Inhibition Hour 0-hour 2-hour 8-hour 2-hour 8-hour Untreated 46 45 140  2%  0% 5 mg/kg 41 38 104  7%  0% COX-2 ACTIVITY INHIBITION - Group Averages PGE₂ Pg/mL/Well Percent Inhibition Hour 0-hour 2-hour 8-hour 2-hour 8-hour Untreated 420 486 501  0%  0% 5 mg/kg 711 165 350 77% 51%

COX inhibition is observed when the measured percent inhibition is greater than that measured for untreated controls. The percent inhibition in the above table is calculated in a straightforward manner in accordance with the following equation: ${\% \quad {Inhibition}\quad \left( {2\text{-}{hour}} \right)} = \frac{\left( {{{PGE}_{2}\quad {at}\quad t} = 0} \right) - \left( {{{PGE}_{2}\quad {at}\quad t} = 2} \right)}{\left( {{{PGE}_{2}\quad {at}\quad t} = 0} \right)}$

Data Analysis

Statistical program packages, SYSTAT (SYSTAT, INC.) and StatView (Abacus Cencepts, Inc.) for Macintosh were used. Differences between test compound treated group and control group were tested for using ANOVA. The IC50 (ED30) values were calculated from the equation for the log-linear regression line of concentration (dose) versus percent inhibition.

Most compounds prepared in the Working Examples as described hereinafter were tested by at least one of the methods described above, and showed IC₅₀ values of 0.001 □M to 3 □M with respect to inhibition of COX-2 in either the canine or human assays.

COX-2 selectivity can be determined by ratio in terms of IC₅₀ value of COX-1 inhibition to COX-2 inhibition. In general, it can be said that a compound showing a COX-2/COX-1 inhibition ratio of more than 5 has good COX-2 selectivity.

For administration to mammals, including humans, of LTB₄ receptor antagonists, suitably a benzoic acid substituted benzopyran, of the present methods of treating atherosclerosis, a variety of conventional routes may be used. Suitable routes include oral, parenteral (e.g., intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous), buccal, rectal, intranasal, and transdermal. In general, the compounds of the invention (hereinafter also known as the active compounds) may be administered at dosages between about 0.5 to 1000 mg/day.

Preferably the active compound will be administered orally. However, some variation in dosage will necessarily occur depending on the condition of the subject being treated. The person responsible for administration will, in any event, determine the appropriate dose for the individual subject.

The active compounds can be administered in a wide variety of different dosage forms, in general, the effective amount of the compounds of this invention are present in such dosage forms at concentration levels ranging from about 5.0% to about 70% by weight.

For oral administration, tablets containing various excipients such as microcrystalline cellulose, sodium citrate, calcium carbonate, dicalcium phosphate and glycine may be employed along with various disintegrants such as starch (and preferably corn, potato or tapioca starch), alginic acid and certain complex silicates, together with granulation binders like polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose, gelation and acacia. Additionally, lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate and talc are often very useful for tabletting purposes. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in gelatin capsules; preferred materials in this connection also include lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols. When aqueous suspensions and/or elixirs are desired for oral administration, the active ingredient may be combined with various sweetening or flavoring agents, coloring matter or dyes, and, if so desired, emulsifying and/or suspending agents as well, together with such diluents as water, ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerin and various like combinations thereof. In the case of animals, they are advantageously contained in an animal feed or drinking water in a concentration of 5-5000 ppm, preferably 25 to 500 ppm.

For parenteral administration (intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous use) a sterile injectable solution of the active ingredient is usually prepared. Solutions of a compound of the present invention in either sesame or peanut oil or in aqueous propylene glycol may be employed. The aqueous solutions should be suitably adjusted and buffered, preferably at a pH of greater than 8, if necessary and the liquid diluent first rendered isotonic. These aqueous solutions are suitable intravenous injection purposes. The oily solutions are suitable for intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous injection purposes. The preparation of all these solutions under sterile conditions is readily accomplished by standard pharmaceutical techniques well known to those skilled in the art. In the case of animals, compounds can be administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously at dosage levels of about 0.1 to 50 mg/kg/day, advantageously 0.2 to 10 mg/kg/day given in a single dose or up to 3 divided doses.

For buccal administration, the composition may take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.

For rectal administration, the active compounds of the invention may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.

For intranasal administration or administration by inhalation, the active compounds of the invention are conveniently delivered in the form of a solution or suspension from a pump spray container that is squeezed or pumped by the patient or as an aerosol spray presentation from a pressurized container or a nebulizer, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol, the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. The pressurized container or nebulizer may contain a solution or suspension of the active compound. Capsules and cartridges (made, for example, from gelatin) for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated containing a powder mix of a compound of the invention and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.

For transdermal administration, transdermal patches prepared in accordance with well known drug delivery technology may be prepared and applied to the skin of a mammal, preferably a human or a dog, to be treated, whereafter the active agent by reason of its formulated solubility characteristics migrates across the epidermis and into the dermal layers of the skin where it is taken up as part of the general circulation, ultimately providing systemic distribution of the active ingredient over a desired, extended period of time. Also included are implants which are placed beneath the epidermal layer of the skin, i.e. between the epidermis and the dermis of the skin of the patient being treated. Such an implant will be formulated in accordance with well known principles and materials commonly used in this delivery technology, and may be prepared in such a way as to provide controlled-, sustained-, and/or delayed-release of the active ingredient into the systemic circulation of the patient. Such subepidermal (subcuticular) implants provide the same facility of installation and delivery efficiency as transdermal patches, but without the limitation of being subject to degradation, damage or accidental removal as a consequence of being exposed on the top layer of the patient's skin.

These compounds are most desirably administered to said non-human mammals, e.g. dogs, cats, horses or livestock in an amount, expressed as mg per kg of body weight of said member per day, ranging from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 20.0 mg/kg/day, preferably from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 12.0 mg/kg/day, more preferably from about 0.5 mg/kg to about 10.0 mg/kg/day, and most preferably from about 0.5 mg/kg to about 8.0 mg/kg/day.

The compounds of the present invention may be administered alone or in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents by either of the above routes previously indicated, and such administration can be carried out in single or multiple doses. More particularly, the novel therapeutic agents of the invention can be administered in a wide variety of different dosage forms, i.e., they may be combined with various pharmaceutically acceptable inert carriers in the form of tablets, capsules, lozenges, trochees, hard candies, powders, sprays, creams, salves, suppositories, jellies, gels, pastes, lotions, ointments, aqueous suspensions, injectable solutions, elixirs, syrups, and the like. Such carriers include solid diluents or fillers, sterile aqueous media and various nontoxic organic solvents, etc. Moreover, oral pharmaceutical compositions can be suitably sweetened and/or flavored. In general, the therapeutically-effective compounds of this invention are present in such dosage forms at concentration levels ranging from 5% to 70% by weight, preferably 10% to 50% by weight.

A preferred composition for dogs comprises an ingestible liquid peroral dosage form selected from the group consisting of a solution, suspension, emulsion, inverse emulsion, elixir, extract, tincture, and concentrate, optionally to be added to the drinking water of the dog being treated. Any of these liquid dosage forms, when formulated in accordance with methods well known in the art, can either be administered directly to the dog being treated, or may be added to the drinking water of the dog being treated. The concentrate liquid form, on the other hand, is formulated to be added first to a given amount of water, from which an aliquot amount may be withdrawn for administration directly to the dog or addition to the drinking water of the dog.

A preferred composition provides delayed-, sustained-, and/or controlled-release of said anti-inflammatory selective COX-2 inhibitor. Such preferred compositions include all such dosage forms which produce ≧80% inhibition of COX-2 isozyme activity and result in a plasma concentration of said inhibitor of at least 3 fold the COX-2 IC₅₀ for at least 4 hours; preferably for at least 8 hours; more preferably for at least 12 hours; more preferably still for at least 16 hours; even more preferably still for at least 20 hours; and most preferably for at least 24 hours. Preferably, there is included within the above-described dosage forms those which produce ≧80% inhibition of COX-2 isozyme activity and result in a plasma concentration of said inhibitor of at least 5 fold the COX-2 IC₅₀ for at least 4 hours, preferably for at least 8 hours, more preferably for at least 12 hours, still more preferably for at least 20 hours, and most preferably for at least 24 hours. More preferably, there is included the above-described dosage forms which produce ≧90% inhibition of COX-2 isozyme activity and result in a plasma concentration of said inhibitor of at least 5 fold the COX-2 IC₅₀ for at least 4 hours, preferably for at least 8 hours, more preferably for at least 12 hours, still more preferably for at least 20 hours, and most preferably for at least 24 hours.

EXAMPLES

The following examples contain detailed descriptions of the methods of the preparation of compounds of formula I. These detailed descriptions fall within the scope of the invention and serve to exemplify the above described general synthetic procedures which form part of the invention. These detailed descriptions are presented for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to restrict the scope of the present invention.

The invention is illustrated in the following non-limiting examples in which, unless stated otherwise: all operations were carried out at room or ambient temperature, that is, in the range of 18-25° C.; evaporation of solvent was carried out using a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure with a bath of up to 60° C.; reactions were monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and analytical column liquid chromatography, and reaction times are given for illustration only; melting points (m.p.) given are uncorrected (polymorphism may result in different melting points); structure and purity of all isolated compounds were assured by at least one of the following techniques: TLC (Merck silica gel 60 F-254 precoated plates), high performance liquid chromatograpy (HPLC), or mass spectrometry. Flash column chromatography was carried out using Merck silica gel 60 (230-400 mesh ASTM). Preparative HPLC was carried out using Hewlett Packard 1100 Liquid Chromatography/Mass Selective Detector (LC/MSD). Separation was done on a Monochrom 5 μCN column PN 0509-250*212 from MetaChem Technologies. The flow rate was 20 ml/min running a gradient of 0 to 90% of isopropanol in n-hexane. Low-resolution mass spectral data (EI) were obtained on an Automass 120 (JEOL) mass spectrometer. Liquid Chromatography data was collected on a Hewlett Packard 1100 Liquid Chromatography/Mass Selective Detector (LC/MSD). Analysis was performed on a Luna C-18 column with dimensions of 3.0×150 mm. The flow rate was 0.425 ml/minute running a gradient of 50% 0.1% aqueous formic acid and 50% acetonitrile to 100% acetonitrile in 15 minutes. The ionization type for the mass detector of the Mass Spectrophotometer was atmospheric pressure electrospray in the positive ion mode with a fragmentor voltage of 50 volts.

Procedure:

Example 1 N-(5-Methanesulfonyl-Pyridin-2-yl)-N′-(1-Amino-2,2,2-Trifluoro-Ehtylidene-Hydrazine

TEA (4.0 ml, 28.9 mmol) was added in one portion to a stirred mixture of the starting hydrazine hydrochloride (3.0 g, 13.4 mmol), trifluoroacetamidine (3.0 ml, 40 mmol) and THF (30 ml) at 25°. The reaction was stirred at the same temperature for 4 days, which went to completion, according to LC-MS. The solids were filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuum. Crystallization of the resulting dark oil from ethyl acetate-hexane provided the above named compound in the form of a beige solid (3.64 g, 96%).

Various Triazole Products

The stock solution for the preparation of triazole products was prepared by dissolving N-(5-methanesulfonyl-pyridin-2-yl)-N′-(1-amino-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethylidene)-hydrazine prepared in Example 1 (0.93 g, 3.3 mmol), DMAP (0.08 g, 0.66 mmol), and DIC (1.0 ml, 7.9 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (13.2 ml). To each individual 4 ml vial containing a starting carboxylic acid R¹CO₂H (0.3 mmol), the stock solution (0.6 ml) was added and the resulting mixture was shaken for 48 hours at +90° C. After cooling down to room temperature, water (2 ml) was added to each vial and the resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (1 ml). The organic extract was concentrated to dryness and the residue was dissolved in methylene chloride (1.8 ml). The resulting clear solution was subjected to preparative HPLC on a normal phase column.

The following table lists triazole products prepared by the above procedures from an appropriate starting material. Retention time refers to liquid chromatography elution time (minutes), MW refers to molecular weight (amu) and M+H refers to mass spectral peaks (amu). The particular apparatus and data acquisition parameters are as defined above.

EXAMPLE STRUCTURE MW RETENTION TIME M + H 2

346.333 13.38 347 3

362.376 15.5 363 4

348.349 13.98 349 5

358.301 9.57 359 6

369.327 6.69 370 7

369.327 6.34 370 8

374.388 16.47 375 9

362.376 16.14 363 10

369.327 8.78 370 11

362.333 8.63 363 12

362.376 15.84 363 13

362.333 8.81 363 14

386.33 12.15 387 15

386.33 12.39 387 16

404.321 12.87 405 17

404.321 13.18 405 18

404.321 13.08 405 19

422.311 13.89 423 20

386.33 12.27 387

While the invention has been described and illustrated with reference to certain particular embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various adaptations, changes, modifications, substitutions, deletions, or additions of procedures and protocols may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is intended, therefore, that the invention be defined by the scope of the claims that follow and that such claims be interpreted as broadly as is reasonable. 

We claim:
 1. A compound of the formula

wherein

is an aromatic heterocycle selected from the group consisting of

m is 0, 1 or 2; X is N; wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of: (a) (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, formyl, formamidyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, cyano, mercapto, nitro, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N-(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino N-(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, (C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclylthio, (C₆-C₁₀)arylthio, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heterocyclylcarbonyl, or (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—; (b) phenyl optionally substituted by one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₉)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N-(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl; (c) phenyl fused to a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic ring;  wherein either of said phenyl or said fused saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic ring is optionally substituted by one to two substituents per ring, wherein said substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₈)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N-(C₁-C₈)alkylamino, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N-(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl; (d) phenyl fused to a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl containing one to two ring heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of —N═, —NR²—, —S— and —O—;  wherein either of said phenyl or said fused saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one to two substituents per ring;  wherein said substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N-(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl; (e) (3- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic optionally containing one or two double bonds; wherein said (3- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic may also be optionally substituted by one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N-(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino N-(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl; (f) (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic fused to a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic ring; wherein said (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic may optionally contain one or two double bonds; wherein either of said (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic or said fused saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic ring is optionally substituted by one to two substituents per ring, wherein said substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N-(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl; (g) (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic fused to a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl containing one to two ring heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of —N═, —NR²—, —S— and —O—; wherein said (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic may optionally contain one or two double bonds; wherein either of said (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic or said fused saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one to two substituents per ring; wherein said substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N-(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino N-(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl; (h) saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered) heterocyclyl containing one to four ring heteroatoms independently selected from the groups consisting of —N═, —NR²—, —O—, and —S—; wherein said (5- to 6-membered) heterocyclyl is optionally substituted by one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N-(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl; (i) saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered) heterocyclyl containing one to two ring heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of —N═, —NR²—, —S— and —O—; wherein said saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl is fused to a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic ring; wherein either of said saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl ring or said fused saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 7-membered)-carbocyclic ring is optionally substituted by one to two substituents per ring; wherein said substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N-(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl; and (j) saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl containing one to two ring heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of —N═, —NR²—, —S—, and —O—; wherein said saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl is fused to a saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl containing one to two ring heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of —N═, —NR²—, —S— and —O—; wherein either of said saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl or said fused saturated, partially saturated or aromatic (5- to 6-membered)-heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one to two substituents per ring; wherein said substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, cyano, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, nitro, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —OCF₃, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, amino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N-(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido N-(C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl and (C₂-C₉)heterocyclyl;  wherein each of said R¹ (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), (i), or (j) (C₁-C₆)alkyl group wherever they occur may optionally be substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, carbonyl, formyl, formamidyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, cyano, mercapto, nitro, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamino N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N-(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₁-C₆)heteroarylamino, amido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₁-C₁₀)arylamido, (C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryl, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, and (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy; R² is hydrogen or (C₁-C₆)alkyl; R³ is hydrogen, halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-, formyl, formamidyl, cyano, nitro, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)atkyl]₂amino, N-(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino amino-SO₂—, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamino-SO₂—, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino-SO₂—, (C₆-C₁₀)arylamino-SO₂—, N-(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryl, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₆-C₁₀)arylthio, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂-amino, or (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—;  wherein each of said R³ (C₁-C₆)alkyl group wherever they occur may optionally be substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, carbonyl, formyl, formamidyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, cyano, mercapto, nitro, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N-(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino amido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido (C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryl, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, and (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy; R⁴ is (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryl, amino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N-(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino N-(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido formyl-N(R²)—, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyloxycarbonyl-N(R²)—, or (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂-amino;  wherein each of said R⁴ (C₁-C₆)alkyl group wherever they occur may optionally be substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, (C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, carbonyl, formyl, formamidyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, cyano, mercapto, nitro, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N-(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino N-(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino (C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryl, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, and (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy; R⁵ is hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, mercapto, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy optionally substituted with one to three halogen atoms, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, cyano, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino N-(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino N-(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido nitro, or (C₁-C₆)alkylthio; wherein each of said R⁵ (C₁-C₆)alkyl group wherever they occur may optionally be substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, carbonyl, formyl, formamidyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, cyano, mercapto, nitro, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N-(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, (C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryl, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, and (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy; R⁶ is hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, mercapto, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy optionally substituted with one to three halogen atoms, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, cyano, formyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N-(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino N-(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)aryl amido, nitro, or (C₁-C₆)alkylthio; wherein each of said R⁶ (C₁-C₆)alkyl group wherever they occur may optionally be substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxy, (C₂-C₆)alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₇)carbocyclyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxy, carbonyl, formyl, formamidyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl, cyano, mercapto, nitro, hydroxycarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkoxycarbonyl, amino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, N-(C₃-C₇)carbocyclylamino, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamino, N-(C₂-C₉)heteroarylamino, amido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamido, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amido, N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, N-(C₁-C₆)alkyl-N-(C₆-C₁₀)arylamido, (C₁-C₆)alkoxyamido, (C₆-C₁₀)aryl, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryl, (C₂-C₉)heteroaryloxy, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylcarbonyl, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, and (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyloxy;  and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 2. A compound according to claim 1 wherein said compound has the formula

wherein X is N and m is
 2. 3. A compound according to claim 1 wherein said compound has the formula

wherein X is N and m is
 2. 4. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R¹ is branched (C₁-C₆)alkyl.
 5. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R¹ is phenyl substituted by one to three halo atoms.
 6. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R¹ is tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, or pyridin-4-yl, wherein said tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, or pyridin-4-yl is unsubstituted.
 7. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R³ is halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl optionally substituted with one to three halo atoms, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-, formyl, formamidyl, cyano, amino, N-(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, N,N-[(C₁-C₆)alkyl]₂amino, (C₁-C₆)alkylthio, (C₆-C₁₀)arylthio, (C₂-C₉)heteroarylthio, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-S(═O)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyl-SO₂—, (C₁-C₆)alkylcarbonyl-N(R²)—, (C₁-C₆)alkyloxy, (C₆-C₁₀)aryloxy, or (C₂-C₉)heteroaryloxy.
 8. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R⁴ is methyl or amino.
 9. A pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of a disorder or condition that can be treated by selectively inhibiting COX-2 in a mammal, comprising an effective amount of a compound according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 10. A method for treating a condition selected from the group consisting of arthritis, fever, common cold, dysmenorrhea, menstrual cramps, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, emphysema, asthma, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, organ transplant toxicity, cachexia, allergic reactions, allergic contact hypersensitivity, tissue ulceration, peptic ulcers, gastritis, regional enteritis, ulcerative colitis, diverticulitis, recurrent gastrointestinal lesion, gastrointestinal bleeding, anemia, synovitis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, periodontal disease, epidermolysis bullosa, osteoporosis, loosening of artificial joint implants, atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, periarteritis nodosa, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, cerebral ischemia, head trauma, spinal cord injury, neuralgia, migraine, depression, peripheral neuropathy, pain, gingivitis, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, ocular angiogenesis, corneal injury, macular degeneration, conjunctivitis, abnormal wound healing, muscle or joint sprains or strains, tendonitis, polymyositis, myositis, bursitis, burns, diabetes, corneal scarring, scleritis, sepsis, premature labor, hypoprothrombinemia, hemophilia, thyroiditis, sarcoidosis, Behcet's syndrome, Rickettsial infections, and Protozoan diseases, in a mammal, comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of a compound according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof effective in treating such a condition. 